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biomed bones
biomed bones chapters 7-9 flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four types of bone | long, short, flat, irregular |
| Compact bone | dense and solid |
| Cancellous bone | open spaces filled with needle like structures=trabeculae |
| Spongy bone is also called | cancellous bone |
| Long bones | femur and humerus, elongated with uniquely shaped articular ends |
| Short bones | cube or box-shaped, with include carpals and tarsals |
| Flat bones | broad and thin with a flattened and often curved surface. Ribs, shoulder blades and breast bone |
| Flat bones are filled with | red marrow, sternum |
| Irregular bones | spine and facial bones, appear singularly rather in groups, patella |
| Irregular bones also called | sesamoid bones |
| Parts of a long bone | diaphysis, epiphysies, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, edosteum |
| Diaphysis | main shaft of long bone, compact bone |
| Ephiphyses | both ends of a long bone, space for muscle attachment and joings, cancellous bone, filled with red marrow |
| Epiphyseal plate | separates diaphysis from epiphyses in growing children |
| Articular cartilage | layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces |
| Metaphysic | epiphyseal plate |
| Periosteum | dense membrane that covers bone except at joing surfaces, where muscles anchor, contains the osteoblasts and clasts as well as blood vessels |
| Medullary cavity | filled with yellow marrow |
| Yellow marrow | connective tissue rich in fat |
| Endosteum | thin epithelial membrane that lines the medullary cavityof long bones |
| Bone matrix can be divided into | organic matrix and inorganic salts |
| Hydroxyapatite | deposition fohighly specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate |
| Minerals in bone | calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, fluoride |
| Osteoporosis | los of bone mineral density, 45% of women |
| Radiographic absorptiometry | use of plan x-ray to assess osteoporosis |
| Ground substance | organic matrix, made of protein, collagenous fibers, and polysaccharides |
| Ground substance provides | support and adhesion between cellular and fibrous elements |
| Chondroiting sulfate | component of ground substance, required for repair of bone and cartilage |
| Osteons | haversian systems, delivery of nutrients and removal of waste producs form imprisioned bone cells |
| Parts of haversian system | lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, haversion canal |
| Haversian canal | lengthwise thorugh center, blood , lymphatic and nerve vessels |
| Canaliculi | canals radiating in all directions from lacunae and connecting them to haversian canal |
| Lacunae | small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells lie imprisoned between hard layers of lamellae |
| Lamellae | concentric cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix |
| Volkmann’s canals | horizontal haversian canals |
| Trabeculae | the spikes in spongy bone |
| Trabeculae alignment | arranged along lines of stress |
| Osteoblasts | small sells tat secrete osteoid that is ground substance of bone, creates framework for deposition of calcium and phosphate |
| Osteoid | organic matrix for bone growth secreted by osteoblasts |
| Osteogenic stem cells | found in endosteum an dlinin gof haversian canals, undergo cell divisionto form osteoblasts |
| What creates osteoblasts? | osteogenic stem cells |
| Osteoclasts | multinucleate cells that erode bone material, lots of mitochondria and lysosomes |
| Osteocytes | mature nondividing osteoblasts that have been surrounded by matrix |
| Osteocytes are located in | lacunae |
| Bone marrow is also called | myeloid tissue |
| Red marrow can be found in adults in | ribs, vertebrae, ends of humerus, pelvis, and femur |
| Functions of bone | support, protection (rib cage), movement, mineral storate, hematopoiesis |
| Hematopoiesis | red blood cell formation |
| Bones serve as a storehouse for | 98% of the body’s calcium reserves |
| Blood clalcium is regulated by | parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| Parathyroid hormone is from | parathyroid |
| Calcitonin is from | thyroid |
| Osteogenesis | cartilage to bone |
| Intramembranous ossification | within a connective tissue emembrane, flat bones like cells, centers of ossification secrete matrix material and collagenous fibers, trabeculae form |
| Appositional growth | intramembranous ossification |
| Endochondral ossification | Grows from center to end, long bones |
| Primary ossification center | blood vessels enter the rapidly changing cartilage at center of diaphysis, inendochondral ossification |
| Secondaryossification centers | appear in epiphysis and bone growth proceeds towards diaphysis from each end, in endochondral ossification |
| Epiphyseal plate | layer of cartrilage between epiphysis and diaphysis |
| Layers of epiphyseal plate | 4, top is in resting cartilage a point of attachment, proliferating zone which is undergoing mitosis, zone of hypertrophy is older enlarged cells which go through degenerative changes, and top is dead cartilage undergoing calcification |
| Epiphyseal fracture | epiphyseal plate separated from diaphysis or epiphysis |
| Formation of osteons | grooves are formed where periosteal blood vessels lie, surrounded by endosteum and new bone, bone deposition fills in tunnel |
| Repair on bone | callus |
| Fracture hematoma | pooling blood in a bone break where the callus forms |
| Cartilage is____ while bone is____ | avascular, vascular |
| Chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| Oxygen reaches chondrocytes by | diffusion |
| Perichondrium | fibrous covering of cartilage |
| Most abundant type of cartilage | hyaline |
| Centers of chondrification | secrete matrix that creates hyaline cartilage, makes chondrocytes |
| Hyaline cartilage forms | breastbone, sternum, bronchi, tip of nose |
| Purpose of cartilage | sustain weight and serve as shock absorbers |
| 2 ways to grow cartilage | interstitial and appositional |
| Interstitial growth | cells divide within the substance and secrete additional matrix, during childhood while still soft, expansion from within |
| Appositional growth | chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium begin to divide and secrete matrix which is deposited on the surface, in adolescence |
| Structural classification | joints are named according to the type of connective tissue that joins the bones together (fibrous or cartilaginous joints) or the presence of a bursae (synovial joints) |
| Functional classification | joints are divided into categories based on movement they permit |
| Synarthroses | immovable |
| Amphiarthroses | slightly movable |
| Diarthroses | freely movable |
| Fibrous joints are also | synarthroses |
| Synarthroses are also | fibrous joints |
| Syndesmoses | synarthroses, when ligaments connects to bones, connects radius and ulna |
| Radius and ulna connected by a_____joint | syndesmoses |
| Radius and ulna connected by | radioulnar interosseous ligament |
| Sutures | only in skull, fibrous joints |
| Gomphoses | fibrous joints, occur between root of a tooth and alveolar process |
| Alveolar process | bumps on top of teeth |
| Fibrous tissue between the tooth’s root and the alveolar process | periodontal membrane |
| Cartilaginous joints are also called | amphiarthroses |
| Amphiarthroses are also called | cartilaginous joints |
| Amphiarthroses joints have | hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, limited movement |
| Synchondroses | hyaline cartilage between articulating bones, first rib and sternum, cartilaginous joint, cartilage is replaced with bone |
| Symphysis | joint in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones, midline of body, pubus, and articulation between BODIES of vertebrae, a amphiarthroses joint |
| Two types of joints in spine | synovial joints between articular facets and cartilaginous joints between bodies |
| Synovial joints are called | diarthroses |
| Diarthroses are called | synovial joints |
| Synovial joints | freely movable, most numerous, anatomically most complex, appendicular skeleton |
| Structure of synovial joint | joint capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, joint cavity, menisci (articular disk), ligaments, bursae |
| Joint capsule | extension of periosteum of each of the articulating bones |
| Synovial membrane | lines inner surface of the joint capsule, creates synovial fluid |
| Articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering and cushioning the articular surfaces of bones |
| Joint cavity | small space between articulating surfaces of bones, allows movements |
| Articular disks | pads of fibrocartilage located between articulating ends of bones in some synovial joint, like knee, 2 separate cavities |
| Ligaments | lashes bones together |
| Bursae found in | bony prominences |
| Types of synovial joints | hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, ballad n socket, gliding |
| Uniaxial joints | movement in one axis an done plane |
| Hinge joints | humerus and ulna |
| Where humerus and ulna actually make the joint | trochlea and semiulnar notch |
| Pivot joints | articulates with a ring or notch of another bone, dens of cervical vertebrae |
| Biaxial joints | movement around two perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes |
| Saddle joints | only in thumb, trapezium with metacarpal bone, allows to appose fingers |
| Codyloid joints are also called | ellipsoidal joints |
| Condyloid joints | condyle fits into an elliptical socket, occipital boen into atlas and radius into carpal bones |
| Ball and socket joints are also called | spheroid joints |
| Ball and socket joints | most movable, shoulder and hip joints |
| Gliding joints | flat articulating surfaces that allow limited gliding movements, between articular surfaces of vertebrae, least movable of synovial |
| Humeroscapular joint | humerus and glenoid cavity, most mobile joint due to shallowness of glenoid cavity |
| Glenoidal labrum | narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity |
| Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity | glenoidal labrum |
| Muscles and tendons around shoulder joint | rotator cuff |
| Main bursa of shoulder joint | subdeltoid bursa |
| Hip joint provides | stability and mobility due to joint capsule and head |
| Stability of hip | iliofemoral ligament, one of the strongest, and joint capsule |
| Knee joint is also called | tibiofemoral joint |
| Knee joint | condyles of the femur articulate with the flat upper surface of the tibia |
| Form socket for the condyles of the femur | medial meniscus and lateral meniscus |
| A meniscus is also a | articular disk |
| Ligament of Wrisberg | attaches posteriorly to the lateral meniscus and to medial condyle |
| Vertebral disk’s outer rim | annulus fibrosus |
| Annulus fibrosus | vertebral disk’s outer rim |
| Nucleus pulposus | central core of vertebrae |
| Central core of vertebrae | nucleus pulposus |
| Herniated disk | pulposus is pushed through the annulus and presses on the spinal cord |
| Anterior longitudinal ligament | connects the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies |
| Posterior longitudinal ligament | connects the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies |
| Ligament flava | bind laminae of adjacent vertebrae together |
| Interspinous ligaments | connect spinus processes together |
| goniometer | measures range of motion |
| pronation | turns down |
| Eversion | turn right foot out |
| Inversion | turn right foot in |
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