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Cell Unit test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a nucleotide? | a subunit of DNA |
| What is a nucleotide made of? | Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate |
| What are the DNA bases and how are the paired? | Adenine with Thymine, cytosine with guanine |
| amino acids | codes formed from the 4 DNA bases |
| proteins | a long string of amino acids |
| genes | a string of nucleotides that give info about a trait |
| chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell | one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein |
| chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell | the main ring of DNA |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid-a molecule that contains genetic material that determines all of the traits of the living thing it inhabits |
| asexual reproduction | mitosis. when only one parent cell is present and divides making an exact copy. |
| sexual reproduction | meiosis. when two parent sex cells combine to make a new cell. each human sex cell has 23 chromosomes and combined they make 46. |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that line up in pairs |
| cytokinesis | cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes, creates chromatids |
| mitosis | 2nd phase of the cell cycle to create more eukaryotic cells. it is divided into 4 phases. |
| cytokinesis | last step of the cell cycle. The division of the cytoplasm. |
| Surface area to volume ratio | The ratio of the cell's outer surface area to the cell's volume. |
| mutation | a change in the sequence of a DNA molecule |
| insertion | when a base pair is added |
| substitution | when a base pair is replaced |
| deletion | when a base pair is removed |
| cytokinesis | in cells that lack a cell wall. when a cell pinches in bothe sides to break of and create a new cell, each with a cell wall. |
| Mitosis: prophase | 1. the mitosis begins. The nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes condense into rodlike structures |
| Mitosis: metaphase | 2. chromatids line up along the equator of the cell, ready to to separate |
| Mitosis: anaphase | 3. the chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell |
| Mitosis: telophase | 4. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of the chromosomes and mitosis is complete. |
| prokaryote | a single celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryote | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus. includes plants, animals, protists, and fungi. NOT bacteria and archae |
| What scientists first discovered cells and what was their find? | Hooke-plant cells in cork, Leeuwenhoek-single celled organisms, animals cells |
| What is a cell? | The smallest unit that can perform all of the necessary processes of life |
| What are the 3 parts of cell theory, and who wrote them? | Schwann: 1. All organisms are made up of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit for all living things. Virchow-3. All cells come from existing cells. |
| What is the structure of a cell membrane? | A protective layer that acts as a barrier and surrounds the cell |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | It controls the material going in and out of the cell and protects the contents. |
| What is the structure of the nucleus? | Found in a eukaryotic cell, it is an organelle protected by 2 membranes that contains the cell's DNA |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | The DNA inside contains info on how to make the cell's proteins. The nucleus sends those messages out through its' membranes |
| What is the structure of cytoplasm? | a fluid liquid contained in the cell membrane |
| What is the function of cytoplasm? | it contains almost all of the contents of the cell and allows those contents to flow. |
| What is the structure of chloroplasts? | only in eukaryotic cells. They are green and have 2 membranes with their own DNA |
| What is the structure of mitochondria? | they have an outer membrane and a twisted curvy inner membrane. They have their own DNA |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | it breaks down sugar to produce energy. Main power source of the cell. |
| What is diffusion? | the movement of particles from a high desity crowded location to a low density less crowded area |
| What is osmosis? | diffusion of water through the cell membranes |
| Why is osmosis important to the cell? | because it brings balance to cell functions. cells need just the right amount or they could be destroyed. |
| What is passive transport? | movement of particles across the cell membrane without the use of energy. Examples: osmosis, diffusion |
| What is active transport? | movement of particles across the cell membrane with the use of energy. The cell has to purposefully move a particle in or out. |
| what is endocytosis? | when a cell forms a vesicle around a large particle to bring it into a cell and transport it. |
| What is exocytosis? | when a cell forms a vesicle around a large particle to push the particle out of the cell membrane |
| Photosynthesis | the process where plants capture energy from the sun and change it into food. |
| cellular respiration | the way cells use oxygen to produce energy from food |
| Cells must take in nutrients in order to get energy to grow and divide. What is this called for plant cells? | Photosynthesis |
| What is photosynthesis called for animal cells? | Cellular Respiration |
| From simplest to most complex, how are organisms classified? | cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| What is fermentation? | the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen |
| What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? What happens during this phase? | Interphase! it does its job that it was made for! |
| What is mitosis? | when chromatids separate during the division of a new cell. |
Created by:
jtpenrose
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