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PHBio#10 Diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adult-onset diabetes | Type II diabetes |
| advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) | abnormally-shaped, dysfunctional structural molecules of the body formed when glucose irreversibly binds to fat, protein, or nucleic acids as a result of chronic hyperglycemia |
| concordance | phenotypic similarity in twins |
| creatinine | a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of muscle protein |
| diabetes | a group of metabolic diseases characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels and associated abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism |
| euglycemia | normal blood glucose levels |
| glomeruli | the filtering tissue of the kidneys composed of loops of capillaries that lie adjacent to the excretory ducts that connect to the ureters and bladder |
| glycosylation | nonenzymatic binding of glucose to other molecules such as proteins, fats, or nucleic acids |
| hyperglycemia | elevated level of blood glucose |
| hypoalbuminemia | abnormally low levels of albumin in blood |
| insulin | a protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the body |
| insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | Type I diabetes |
| insulin resistance | unresponsiveness of cells to the effect of insulin, reducing their ability to absorb glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia |
| juvenile diabetes | Type I diabetes |
| lipidurea | excretion of lipid in urine |
| MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase pathway | a cell signaling system that phosphorylates molecules and is associated with tissue remodeling |
| metabolic syndrome | a cluster of metabolic abnormalities defined as any combination of three of the following: abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and abnormal blood lipid levels |
| microalbuminurea | the excretion of small but abnormal amounts of albumin, the primary protein within the serum of the circulatory system, into the urine often associated with early kidney damage |
| nephrotic syndrome | a combination of abnormal conditions associated with advanced renal disease consisting of hypoalbuminemia, proteinurea, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipidurea |
| nephropathy | kidney disease |
| Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) | Type II diabetes |
| pancreatic beta cells | the cells of the pancreas that produce, store, and release insulin into the bloodstream, thereby regulating blood glucose levels |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) | a group of receptor molecules within the cell nucleus that activate transcription of genes that regulate the breakdown and storage of fat |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyphagia | excessive appetite |
| polyurea | frequent urination |
| proteinurea | excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine, often, but not always associated with established kidney disease |
| thiazoladinediones | a group of pharmacological agents that increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin-mediated glucose uptake |
| Type I diabetes | diabetes that results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells causing inability to produce insulin |
| Type II diabetes | diabetes caused by either insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta cells or peripheral insulin resistance |
| urea | a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of protein |
Created by:
gasiorr
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