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Chap. 33 An Introduc
Campbell Biology Chapter 33: An Introduction to Invertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sponges characteristics | • sedentary animals from the phyla Porifera • live in both fresh and marine waters • lack true tissues and organs • are suspension feeders, capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body |
| Choanocytes and Choanoflagellates | • flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals |
| Polyp | The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa. |
| Medusa | The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form of the polyp. |
| Cnidocyte | A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defense. |
| Hydra | Alternate between polyp and medusa forms, but polyp form is more dominant. |
| Jellies or Jellyfish | The medusa is the predominant stage. |
| Blood fluke (trematode) | By mimicking the surface proteins of its hosts, the blood fluke creates a partial immunological camouflage for itself. |
| Tapeworms | • parasites of vertebrates • scolex attaches to host • proglottids produce eggs and break off after fertilization • no head or digestive system • life cycle with one or more intermediate hosts • parasites of vertebrates • scolex attaches to host |
| Rotifers | • tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil • smaller than many protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems • have an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a |
| Pathenogenesis | A form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. |
| Brachiopods shell orientation | • The two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams |
| Bivalves shell oriention | • They have a shell divided into two halves • When the adductor muscles in a bivalve relax, the ligament forces the two valves (shells) open |
| Ectoprocts lophophores | • lophophore, a horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding organ with ciliated tentacles • are colonial animals that superficially resemble plants • A hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders |
| Major components of the mollusk body plan | • Muscular foot used for movement • Visceral mass contains most of the internal organs • Mantle fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell |
| Torsion | In gastropods, a developmental process in which the visceral mass rotates up to 180 degrees, causing the animal’s anus and mantle cavity to be positioned above its head |
| Gastropods/Bivalves: comparison of eyes and head | • Many gastropods have a distinct head with eyes at the tips of tentacles. • Bivalves have no distinct head. Some bivalves have eyes and sensory tentacles along the outer edge of their mantle. |
| Characteristics of the Cephalopods | • Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain. • One small group of shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses, survives today. |
| Oligochaetes (earthworms) | • are named for relatively sparse chaetae, bristles made of chitin • Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal • Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize |
| Hermaphroditism | A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs. |
| Leech hirudin | • Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating |
| Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans | • Very well studied and has become a model research organism in biology. • Ongoing studies are revealing some of the mechanisms involved in aging in humans, among other findings. |
| Parasitic roundworm T. spiralis | One notorious nematode that causes trichinosis in humans. These parasites will produce substances that are designed to evade the immune system response and will stimulate blood vessel production near where they are encysted. |
| Arthropod appendages | The appendages of some living arthropods are modified for many different functions such as walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense |
| Arthropod exoskeleton | • The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin • When an arthropod grows, it molts its exoskeleton |
| Cheliceroformes chelicerae | • Cheliceriformes, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae (pincers or fangs) |
| Centipedes and Millipedes | • Millipedes have a large number of legs and eat decaying leaves and other plant matter. Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs. • Centipedes are carnivores and have poison claws on their foremost trunk segment that paralyze prey and aid in defense. Th |
| Arachnid cephalothorax | • Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs of appendages, the most anterior of which are the chelicerae |
| Beetles wings | The posterior wings function in flight, while the anterior ones are modified as covers that protect the flight wings when the beetle is walking on the ground or burrowing |
| Incomplete metamorphosis | • The young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size |
| Complete metamorphosis | • Insects have larval stages specialized for eating and growing known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar |
| Two major structures of Echinoderms | Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange |
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