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ZOO161 Chapter 8
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrolyze | to break a chemical bond between molecules by insertion of water molecules |
| Ingestion | Occurs when the mouth takes in food. |
| DIgestion | Can be mechanical or Chemical |
| Mechanical digestion | mechanical digestion occurs when large pieces of food are divided into smaller pieces that can be acted on by the digestive enzyme occurs primarily in the mouth and stomach, cutting up food prior to ingestion can aid in Mechanical digestion. |
| Chemical Digestion | digestive enzymes hydrolyze foods macromolecules into absorbable subunits. begins in mouth, continues in stomach and finishes is small intestine. |
| Absorption | Occurs as subunit molecules produced by chemical digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining of the tract. Nutrients enter blood |
| Elimination | molecules that cannot be digested are eliminated from the body. removal of indigestible waste occurs through the anus and is termed defecation. |
| Salivary glands | secrete salvia: contains digestive enzyme for carbohydrates |
| Liver | major metabolic organ: process and stores nutrients; produces bile for emulsification of fats |
| Gallbladder | Store bile from liver; sends it to the small intestine |
| Pancreas | Produces pancreatic juice; contains digestive enzymes and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating |
| Mouth | teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing |
| Pharynx | Passageway wehre food is swallowed |
| Esophagus | passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach |
| stomach | secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to small intestine |
| Small Intestine | Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into body; secretes digestive hormones into blood |
| Large intestine | absorbs water and salt to form feces |
| Rectum | Stores and regulated elimination of feces |
| Anus | Elimination process |
| How do the pancreas and liver assist in digestion? | Food is digested within the organs of the GI tract. The liver and pancreas are accessory organs and produce chemicals that assist with digestion, |
| Mucosa | inner mucous membrane layer modified according to the digestive organ |
| Submucosa | Broas band of loose connective tissue that contains nerve, blood, and lymphatic vessels |
| Lumen | Central space containing food being digested |
| Muscularis | Two layers of smooth muscle |
| Ruge | deep folds in the mucosa of the stomach |
| Gastric glands | produce gastric juice. |
| Pepsin | gastric juice contains pepsin. which digests protein, plus hydrochloric acid (HCl) and mucus. |
| Chyme | thick, soupy liquid of partially digested food that occurs when food leaves the stomach. Cyme enters the small intestine is squirts. |
| Enzymes involved in Carbohydrate Digestion | Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase Maltase Lactase |
| Enzymes involved in Protein digestion | Pepsin Trypsin Peptidases |
| Enzymes involved in Nucleic acid digestion | Nuclease Nucleosidases |
| Enzymes involved in Fat digestion | Lipase |
| Hormone | a substance produces by one set of cells that affects a different set of cells. |
| Urea | unusual nitrogenous waste product in humans that is formed as amino acids are converted to glucose and the liver combines their amino acid their amino acid group with carbon dioxide |
| Bile | is a solution of bile salts, water,cholesterol, and bicarbonate. has a yellowish-green color because it also contains bilirubin formed during the break down of hemoglobin. |
| Gallstones | Form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone like material. |
| Cecum | part of the large intestine lies below the junction with the small intestine, is the blind end of the large intestine |
| vermiform Appendix | small projection of the cecum. plays a role in fighting infections. |
| How are the products of digestion absorbed in the small intestine? | the wall of the small intestine has folds that bear fingerlike projections called cilli. the products of digestion are absorbed by microvilli into the blood capillaries and the lacteals of the villi. |
| Salivary amylase | produced by salivary glands site of action: mouth neutral pH Digestion: Starch + H2O --> maltose |
| Pancreatic amylase | produced by Pancreas site of action: small intestine Basic pH Digestion: Starch + H2O --> maltose |
| Maltase | Produced by small intestine Site of action: small intestine basic pH Digestion: Maltose + H2O --> glucose + glucose |
| Lactase | produced by small intestine site of action: small intestine basic pH Digestion: Lactose + H2O --> glucose + galactose |
| Pepsin | produced by gastric glands site of action: stomach Acidic Digestion: Protein + H2O --> peptides |
| Trypsin | Produced by the pancreas Site of action: small intestine Basic Digestion: Protein + H2O --> peptides |
| Peptidases | produced by the small intestine site of action: small intestine Basic Digestion: peptide + H2O --> amino acids |
| Nuclease | Produced by the pancreas site of action: small intestine Basic Digestion: RNA and DNA + H2O --> nucleotides |
| Nucleosidases | produces by the small intestine site of action: small intestine Basic Nucleotide + H2O --> base + sugar + phosphate |
| Lipase | produced by the pancreas site of action: small intestine Basic Digestion: fat droplet + H2O --> monoglycerides + fatty acids |
Created by:
allenoa
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