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Bio189 Ch.23&22

Circulatory system and gas exchange

QuestionAnswer
Every organism must do what with its environment? Exchange materials
Whats is the purpose of the circulatory system? To facilitate an exchange of materials
What are the three main components that almost all animals have? Central pump, Vascular system, and Circulatory Fluid
The heart pumps blood into which type of vessels? open ended
Fluid circulates freely among tissues and there is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid happens in open or closed circulatory systems? open
Who has open circulatory systems? many invertibrates such as mollusks and arthropods
What type of circulatory system is the blood confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid? Closed
Who has closed circulatory systems? Earthworms, Octopuses, and vertebrates
What is the closed circulatory system also called? Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system includes what? Heart and blood vessels
In humans what is the central pump, vascular system, and circulating fluid? heart, vessels, and blood
In humans and most other vertebrates what is doubled? the three components of the cardiovascular system
There are two distinct circuits of what? blood flow
What circuit carries blood between the heart and the lungs? Pulmonary circuit
What circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body? Systematic Circuit
What is muscular organ about the seize of a fist? The heart
Where is the heart located? Under the breast bone
How many chambers does the heart have? four
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called? atria
What are the two lower chambers of the heart called? Ventricles
Which ventricle has the thickest walls of the heart? Left ventricle
where do the left chambers pump the blood to? to the systematic circuit
Where do the right chambers pump the blood to? to the pulmonary circuit
What are the characteristics of oxygenated blood? Red and high O2 and low CO2
What are the characteristics of deoxygenated blood? Blue and high CO2 low O2
What relaxes and contracts regularly? the heart
Is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle Diastole
Is the contraction phase of the heart cycle Systole
What is another name for a pacemaker? Sinocetrial node(SA)
What does a pacemaker do? sets the tempo of the heartbeat
What is composed of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium? Pacemaker
How do you detect the electrical currents from the impulses sent from the pacemaker? electrodes placed on skin
What are electrodes recorded in? Electrocardiogram
If the heart is the body's pump, then the plumbing is the system of what? Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
What do the arteries do? carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do? carry blood towards the heart
What allows for exchange between the bloodstream and tissue cells Capillaries
All blood vessels are lined with what tissue cells? Epithelial cells
What changes the function of the vessels? The structual differences of the walls
What is the force that blood exerts against the walls of your blood vessels? blood pressure
What is the main force driving the blood from the heart to the capilary beds? blood pressure
What is rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into the arteries during systole? A Pulse
What is the optimal blood pressure for adults? below 120 systolic and below 80 diastolic
Where does the systole contractions start first? In the upper two chambers of the hears called the atria
What is high blood pressure also called? Hypertension
What are the numbers for high blood pressure? higher than 140 for systolic and higher than 90 for diastolic
At any given time how much blood flow is running through our capillaries? 5-10%
How are the capillary walls? Thin and leaky
While the fluid exchange what do the red blood cells do? stay in the capillaries
At the venous end of the capillary what happens to the CO2 and waste? It diffuses from the tissue cells into the capillary bloodstream
As the blood enters at the arterial end of the capillary what happens to the oxygen and nutrients? Blood pressure pushes fluid enriched oxygen and nutrients and other substances into the interstitial fluid
By the time blood exists the capillaries and enters the veins, what happenes to the pressure originated from the heart? It drops to near zero
What helps squeeze the blood along the vein against the force of gravity? skeletal muscles
What prevents the blood from flowing backwards in veins? one way valves
How much blood does the circulatory system of an adult have? 5L (11 pints)
How much of the 5L of blood is plasma? just over half
What is suspended in the plasma? several types of cellular elements
What are the most numerous type of blood cells? Red Blood cells
What are red blood cells also called? Erythrocytes
What determines the blood type? Carb containing molecules on the surface
What does each red blood cell contain a large amount of? protein hemoglobin
What does hemoglobin contain? Iron
What does hemoglobin do? Transports oxygen throughout the body
What is the name for having low hemoglobin or low amount of red blood cells? Anemia
sickle cell disease and iron dificiency are causes of what? Anemia
What do white blood cells do? Fight infections and cancer
What are white blood cells also called? Leukocytes
There are how many fewer white blood cells than red blood cells? about 700
What two components does blood contain to aid to clotting? Platelets and Fibrinogen
What are bits of cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow to aid clotting? Platelets (thrombocytes)
What is a membrane-wrapped protein found in plasma to aid clotting? Fibrinogen
Platelets release molecules that convert Fibrinogen into what? Fibrin
What is like a thread like protein that forms a dense network to create a patch? fibrin
The cardiovascular system performs several what? homeostatic functions
controlling chimical balance, controlling the composition of the blood, regulating the body temperature, distributing hormones and defending against foreign invaders are all examples of what? homeostatic functions performed by the cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular disease accounts for what percent of all deaths? 40
What is the leading cause of death? heart attack
What happens when blood exists the heart? several coronary arteries immediately branch off to supply the heart muscle
How do you get a heart attack when a coronary artery is blocked and the muscle cells die
what is the name for chronic cardiovascular disease? Atherosclerosis
What happens when you have atheroscleropsis? blood vessles become impaired and are narrowed by plaques oh choloresterol and other substances
What does cellular respiration to produce water? oxygen and glucose
What is used to make ATP? Carbon Dioxide and energy
What are the smallest branches of the tubes within the lungs? Bronchioles
Bronchioles end in clusters of air sacs called what? Alveoli
What do alveoli do? carry out the process of gas exchange
What does not dissolve readily in blood plasma? oxygen
A shortage of iron causes a decrease in the rate of what? synthesis of hemoglobin
Tobacco smoke irritates the cells that line what? trachea and bronchi
smoking kills about how many americans each year? 440,000
smoking can cause what? emphysema
Created by: paige883
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