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chapter 3
biochem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organic compound | covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| functional group | the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
| monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| polymer | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base |
| adenosine triphosphate ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| monosacharide | simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| disacharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| polysacharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| amino acid | any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| enzyme | a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| lipid | a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alchohol chain. |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| nucleic acid | poopan organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| Ribonucleic acid RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
Created by:
harrisa15
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