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Chapter 58

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

QuestionAnswer
Ecosystem Any ecological system with defined boundaries. It includes all of the organisms as well as the physical and chemical factors that influence the organisms. All ecosystems are open with respect to energy.
Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (powered by energy from the sun)
Respiration 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (powered by energy from ATP production)
First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy (measure of chaos) always increases.
Biogeochemistry Study of materials and nutrients that cycle repeatedly through ecosystem (ex. carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus cycles).
Flux Rate at which energy or elements moves through a system. Elements may accumulate or pool. Elements can sink - be taken out of circulation for a while.
The Atmosphere 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% argon, and 0.03% CO2, trace elements. Trophosphere (lowest, 80% of mass), stratosphere (50 km upwards, little water vapor, layer of ozone O3)
Ozone Layer Ozone = O3. Absorobs harmful radiation that enters the radiation, but also keeps us warm. Damaged by human activities. Hole over Antarctica discovered in 1985. There is also a hole over Arctic that is comparable.
Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and others are transparent to sunlight and trap heat radiating to earth back towards space.
Upwelling Zones in Oceans Water is nutrient rich because when organisms die, their bodies sink to the seafloor and return the nutrients to the bottom. Phytoplankton thrive here, fisheries are concentrated here.
Freshwater Mineral nutrients enter fresh waters through weathering of rock, and are carried to lakes and oceans.
Turnover Movements which bring nutrients to surface and oxygen to deeper water.
Primary Production Higher near equator (temperatures are warmer, moisture is plentiful).
Hydrologic Cycle Water cycle. Powered by the sun, which causes evaporation of bodies of water. Works because more water is evaporated from oceans than is returned through precipitation. *Humans are depleting aquifers faster than it can be replaced for irrigation.
Aquifer Large amount of groundwater.
Carbon Cycle Removed from atmosphere during photosynthesis, returned to atmosphere during metabolism/respiration.
How Carbon Is Stored CO2 moves into the ocean by diffusion and stored as carbonate (CO3–2) or bicarbonate (HCO3–). Also stored in soil and rocks.
Fossil Fuels Organic molecules accumulate into oil, natural gas, coal, and peat deposits. CO2 is released into the atmosphere faster due to burning. Half of all carbon is in atmosphere, rest in oceans.
Effects of Global Warming Increase in mean temperatures. Changes in precipitation patterns. Melting ice caps and glaciers. Sea level rise. Increased number/intensity of tropical storms. Increased outbreaks of pests/pathogens (no cold).
With More CO2...(Heath) Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces sequestration (capture) of root-derived soil carbon.
Effect of Permafrost Thaw on Carbon Release and Exchange (Shuur) Permafrost stores 2x carbon. Thawed more recently - net gain of carbon uptake. Thawed earlier - net loss of carbon uptake despite plant growth.
Nitrogen Cycle After N2 is fixed, it can be absorbed by plants and then by animals.
Nitrogen Fixation Conversion of N2 into a form usable by plants and bacteria, since most organisms can't use N2 from atmosphere. N2 in decaying matter is fixed and also used by plants.
Dentrification Returning N2 back to atmosphere.
Eutrophication Addition of nutrients to bodies of water.
Sulfur Cycle Emissions from volcanoes are only source of S in atmosphere. Decomposition returns S back to atmosphere. Acid rain.
Clean Air Act 1990. Amendments have reduced emissions of SO2, which has decreased acid precipitation in North America.
Phosphorus Cycle Most abundant naturally in crust. Plants absorb, animals consume and absorb. Bacteria decompose and re-release. Water can carry it anywhere. Excess P leads to excess algae, which can use up all oxygen.
Biophilia Recognition of value of nature.
Created by: tbose22
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