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skin
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Skin? | The skin is the layer of tissue between the body and its environment and is the largest organ of the body and performs many vital life functions. |
| What makes the Integumentary system? | The skin and its accessory organs make up the Integumentary system |
| What are the accessory organs? | Nails, hair, ceruminous glands, mammary glands and sebaceous and sudoriferous glands |
| What are the signs of a healthy skin? | Soft, flexible, acidic (PH 4.5-6.5), and free from blemishes and diseases |
| What is dermatology? | The study of skin |
| What are the functions of the skin? | (Shapes) Sensation, Heat regulation, Absorption, Protection, Excretion, Secretion. |
| Name the nerve endings responsible for Cold: | Kraus bulbs |
| Name the nerve endings responsible for Heat: | Ruffini corpuscles |
| Name the nerve endings responsible for Pressure: | Pacinean corpuscles |
| Name the nerve endings responsible for Pain: | Nociceptor |
| Name the nerve endings responsible for Touch: | Merkels corpuscles |
| Describe Sensation? | Through its sensory nerve endings, the skin responds to: heat, cold, pressure, pain and touch (remember HCPPT) |
| Describe Heat Regulation? | To maintain internal body temp of 98.6or 36C. As the temperature changes occur the body responds with adjustments or retain or release heat. |
| If the environment is cold how the body does respond to it? | ―Contracting the blood vessel to retain heat―stopping Sudor (sweat) production―contracting the arrector pili muscle to lift the hairs, thereby providing a layer of insulation |
| What muscle is responsible for lifting hairs? | Arrector pili |
| If the environment is hot how the body does respond to it? | ―dilating the blood vessels to give off excess heat―increasing Sudor production to cool the body through evaporation |
| Describe Absorption? | Skin—semi permeable membrane allows for transderma penetration (Essential oils, drugs, (nicotine, estrogne … |
| In absorption how majority of transderma does occur? | The majority of transderma absorption occurs through the Lipid containing mortar between the cells of the epidermis. |
| Describe Protection? | Protection from microbial, invasion, UV and injury both physical and chemical means |
| Describe Excretion? | Ridding of waste, Sudor or sweat is the waste excreted from the skin. It also aids in cooling the body through evaporation and forms half of the acid mantle |
| What is Sudor? | Sudor or sweat is the waste excreted from the skin. It also aids in cooling the body through evaporation and forms half of the acid mantle |
| Describe secretion? | Sebum to lubricate—prevent moisture loss |
| What are the layers of skin? | The epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous (EDS) |
| Describe Epidermis? | Epidermis is the outer layer of skin. It is composed of epithelial tissue and does not contain blood (avascular). The thickness of the epidermis varies in different areas of the body. It’s the thinnest on the eyelids at .5 and thickest on the soles at 1.5 |
| What are the layers of epidermis? | Stratum Germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum Granulosum, stratum Lucidum, stratum corneum |
| Give another name for Skin: | Cutaneous membrane or integument |
| Give another name for Mucopolysaccharides | Glycosaminoglycans |
| Give another name for Cuticle: | Epidermis, scarf skin |
| Give another name for True skin: | Dermis, Derma, Cutis, Coreum |
| Give another name for Subcutis: | Adipose, subcutaneous layer |
| Give another name for Sweat gland: | Sudoriferous gland |
| Give another name for Oil gland: | Sebaceous gland |
| Give another name for Acid mantle: | Chemical barrier |
| Give another name for stratum Germinativum: | Basal layer |
| Give another name for stratum spinosum | Spiny layer |
| Give another name for stratum Granulosum: | Granular layer |
| Give another name for Stratum Lucidum: | Clear layer |
| Give another name for stratum corneum: | Horny layer |
| Give another name for ostia: | Plural |
| Give another name for Sudor | Sweat |
| Describe stratum Germinativum? | Only living layer, Melanocytes found here (pigment), Nourished by osmosis from the dermis below, Composed of keratinocytes |
| What is keratinocytes? | Epidermis is composed of a single layer of cube or column-shaped skin cells called keratinocytes and they reproduce by mitosis. |
| What does Melanocytes cells produce and do they reproduce? | A pigment called melanin-no |
| What is melanosomes? | The melanin produced in the Melanocytes is transferred to the keratinocytes in packets called melanosomes |
| How melanin production is is stimulated? | By sunlight, injuries to the skin and hormones |
| What are langerhans cells and where are they found and how do they get activated and do they reproduce? | Special immune cells—also found in basal layer—upon invasion of a foreign substance ad work to protect the body—no |
| Define stratum spinosum? | Begin to die, Have spines or thorns |
| Define stratum Granulosum? | Keratohylin, Kerain : water proof protein |
| Define stratum Lucidum? | In this layer the cells are transparent and are filled with a substance called eleiden, which is produced from keratohyalin.- Palms and Soles |
| Define stratum corneum? | Completely Keratinize-Corneocytes-Mortar—Glue like substance-desquamation |
| What is mortar? | Glue-like substances that keeps cells together in corneum |
| What is Mucopolysaccharides? | The cells in stratum corneum are held together with mortar, or glue-like substances called Mucopolysaccharides or Glycosaminoglycans. |
| What is desquamation? | The process in which skin cells progressively die and move form the basal layer to the horny layer from which they are then shed is called desquamation. The process usually takes about 28 days |
| What is dermis? | It is the layer of the skin found below the epidermis. It is composed of connective tissue. And they are produced by fibroblast cells. It is vascular (contains blood) |
| Describe the two layers of the dermis? | Papillary: Upper layer-contain dermal papillae, Reticular: lower layer -Collagen- Elastin fibrils here - Nerve endings, hair follicles, oil/sweat glands, arrector pili muscle found here |
| What are the dermal papillae? | They are cone-like projections that attach to the epidermis, insides them are capillaries and some nerve endings. |
| What is subcutaneous layer? | It’s the most internal layer of the skin, and it’s composed of layers of fat that insulates the body and cushion the internal organs. |
| What glands of the skin do and what are the 2 kinds? | They extract materials from the blood to form new substances. Sebaceous (oil glands) and Sudoriferous (sweat glands) |
| Describe Sebaceous Glands? | Secretes Sebum (oil)-Attached to hair follicle-Has an opening called Ostia!!-Lubricates skin-Helps prevent moisture loss |
| Describe Sudoriferous Glands? | Excretes Sudor (sweat)-Coiled base-Has opening called pore!!-Rids body of wastes-Controls body temp |
| What are the two types of sudoriferous glands found in the body? | Eccrine and apocrine |
| Eccrine? | All over body-Active @ birth-Temp regulation |
| Appocrine? | Groin, Varms-Active @ Puberty-Smell and bacteria |
| What does vascular means? | Blood present here |
| What does avascular means? | No blood |
| What are the barriers of the skin and how many kinds do we have? | The skin protects the body from the outside environment and such things as pathogenic organisms, ultraviolet rays, and wear and tear. This is accomplished by a physical and a chemical barrier. |
| What is the physical barrier of skin? | o Epidermis-Stratum Corneum |
| What is the chemical barrier of the skin? | Also known as the acid mantle--Sebum and Subor(creates acidic environment)--The pathogenic organisms do not thrive in an acidic environment |
| What is the butter capacity? | The ability of the skin to return to its natural pH after it has been altered is known as the butter capacity. |
| What does pH stands for? | Potential Hydrogen |
| Intrinsic Aging? | Several histological changes take place within the dermis and the epidermis as the skin ages. These changes are associated with intrinsic aging process. They are believed to be caused by the cumulative effects of long-term sun exposure. |
| Hyperpigmentation? | Hyperpigmentation is also a sign of skin aging. Skin discoloration begins with early sun exposure and cumulates with repeated exposure and time; hormones can also interact with sun exposure to play a significant role in it. It includes suntans, sunburns, |
| What are the sections of hair? | Shaft, Follicle, bulb, papilla, --Arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland, sudoriferous gland, subcutaneous tissue |
| What is a pilosebaceous unit? What is the function of each of its parts? | Hair follicle and sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle =pilosebaceous |
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