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a&p Chapter 13.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensory receptors send 4 types of info | modality, intensity, location, duration |
| sensory receptors exhibit what | adaptation |
| phasic receptors | decrease their firing |
| tonic receptors | sustained firing |
| sensations are produced due to | the activity of the transducers |
| sensations are conscious what | perceptions of stimuli |
| sensations perceived due to AP's traveling where | to the CNS |
| Types of sensory receptors | chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanreceptors, photoreceptors |
| chemoreceptors | respond to various types of chemicals |
| thermoreceptors | sense changes in temperature |
| nociceptors | pain receptors |
| mechanoreceptors | sense changes in plasma membrane |
| photoreceptors | sense light |
| general senses;deal with senses of | skin, muscles, joints, and viscera; detect variety of stimuli; heat, stretch, pain, temp; those senses other than special senses |
| special senses | taste, smell, hearing/equillibrium, vision |
| various types of nerve endings | unencapsulated and encapsulated |
| unencapsulated | free dendritic nerve endings, some light touch receptors |
| encapsulated | most are mechnoreceptors include meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles |
| sensory pathways due to activity of receptors; # of types of receptors | exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors |
| impulses carried by | first order neurons, second order neurons, third order neurons |
| first order neurons | cell bodies in DRG |
| second order neurons | cell bodies in dorsal horn |
| third order neurons | cell bodies in thalamus |
| gustation | chemical sensation (activity of taste buds) on tongue, taste buds located on lingual papillae |
| 5 basic qualities of taste | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (meat) |
| physiology of taste | chemical must be dissolved in saliva to be tasted; chemical diffuse through taste pore and contact gustatory hair on gustatory cells |
| olfaction | chemical sensation, due to pseudostratified epithelium |
| pseudostratified olfactory epithelim covers | the nasal concha |
| unmylinated axons of olfactory receptor cells pass through | cribriform plate of ethmoid bone |
| sensory function of the eye; stimulation of eye by what | electromagnetic radiation |
| absorbes visibile spectrum of lights = | 400-750 nm |
| shorter wavelengths | too much enegry, uv light, x rays, y rays |
| longer wavelengths | not enough energy to energize electron, infrared rays, microwaves, radio waves |
| eye is capable of doing what | utilizing energy of electron |
| three components to anatomy of eye | tunics, optical apparatus, neural apparatus |
| optical apparatus | admits and focuses eye |
| neural apparatus | converts light energy to impulses |
| tunics | tunica fibrosa, tunica vasculosa, tunica interna |
| tunica fibrosa consists of | sclera and cornea |
| tunica vasculosa consists of three components | chorioid, ciliary body, iris |
| choroid | vascular, pigmented layer |
| ciliary body | muscular component around lens |
| tunica interna | the retina |
| optical apparatus | amount of light getting in and the focusing of that light |
| lens | refracts light |
| suspensory ligament | stretch from lends to cilary body |
| canal of schlemm | drains the anterior chamber |
| anterior segments consists of | anterior chamber and posterior chamber to iris; filled with aqueous humor |
| posterior segment | filled with viteous humor |
| neural apparatus consists of | retina, optic nerve, optic disc, ora serrata |
| retina consists of three layers | photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal and amacrine cells |
| optic disc | point where optic nerve leaves the eye |
| ora serrata | anterior ring of retinal attachment |
| passge of light to retina | amount of light dependent on iris |
| iris controls what | pupil diameter |
| contraction | less light passes |
| refraction of light | bending of light as passes through optical apparatus; cornea is responsible for the majority of refraction |
| lens provides what | fine focusing |
| lens is capable of changing what | shape |
| muscle contraction changes what | the curvature of the lens |
| as lends curvature changes what happens | the refraction allows focusing on fovea centralis |
| ciliary muscle contraction | pulls ciliary body anteriorly and in towards the pupil, tension on suspensory ligaments slackens, lens bulges due to its elasticity |
| hyperopia | farsightedness; eye is too short |
| myopia | near-sightedness; eye is too long |
| visual processing of rods | grant vision in dim lights; pigments most sensitive at 500 nm |
| visual processing of cones 2 types | blue, green, red |
| cones respond to bright light and are | responsible for color vision, absorption spectrum overlaps |
| color vision | perceptions due to combined activity |
| colorblindness | lack of one photopsin |
| nueronal processing | convergence of rods:highly sensitive but not much resolution: high resolution due to cones |
| convergence of rods | much convergence of rods to bipolar cells; much convergence of bipolar cells to ganglion cells |
| high resolution due to cones | focused images fall on fovea centralis; fovea centralis consists of 1000s of cones (no rods); cones of fovea exhibit not neural convergence (not sensitive to light) |
| fovea centralis | consists of 1000s of cones ( no rods) |
| cones of fovea exhibit what? | no neural convergence (not sensitive to light) |
| sensory function of ear | due to vibrations of air molecules: sensations due to perception of vibrations |
| pitch | determined by frequency |
| capable of hearing how many hz? | 20 - 20,000 hz |
| loudness | determined by amplitude of vibrations |
| range of hearing | 0 decibels (dB): threshold of hearing 120-140 decibels:threshold of pain |
| anatomy of ear | middle ear: eustachian tube, audtiory ossicles, oval window, muscles of inner ear |
| auditory ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes |
| muscles of inner ear | stapedius, tensor tympani |
| perilymph fills | the bony labyrinth |
| inner ear is enclosed in | the bony labyrinth of temporal bone |
| membranous labyrinth fills | bony labyrinth |
| membranous labyrinth | perilymph lies b/w bony and membranous labyrinths: endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth |
| floating in perilymph are sacs and tubes called | membranous labyrinth |
| utricle in vestibule, saccule in vestibule | membranous labyrinth |
| what is the cochlea | organ of hearing |
| what does the cochlea consists of | coiled tub of three fluid-filled chambers |
| 3 fluid=filled chambers in the cochlea | scala vestibuli (superior) scala tympani (inferior) cochlear duct (middle) |
| what are the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct filled with | scale - perilymph and cochlear endolymph |
| organ of corti | transducer of ear; converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses |
| what does the organ of corti consist of | hair cells, tectorial membrane |
| physiology of hearing; function of auditory ossicles | impedance matching, tympanic reflex |
| impedance matching | higher force per unit area |
| tympanic reflex | decreases vibrations to oval window |
| tympanic relex consists of | tensor tympani, stapedius |
| what happens when vibrations of the ear drum are transmitted | they cause oval window to vibrate, and pressure wave is transmitted to perilymph of scala tympani |
| cause oval window to vibrate - 2 things | perilymph of scala vestibuli forms pressure wave, waves are transmitted through vestibular membrane |
| waves are tansmitted through vestibular membrane | endolymph of cochlear duct forms pressure waves, pressure waves causes basilar membrane to move up and down; stereocillia are bent against tectorial membrance |
| when stereocilia are bent what happens | channels open, depolarizations causes release of NT |
| pressure wave is transmitted to perilymph of scala tympani | membrane covering round window relieves pressure |
| amplitude and frequency alter nervous stimulation in 2 ways | amplitude of sound, sound frequency |
| amplitude of sound | stimulates more hair cells, causes an increase in # of action potentials of cochlear nerve |
| sound frequency | more flexible towards the distal/apical end of basilar membrane; proximal/basal end is stiff and narrow |
| apex of basilar membrane is tuned to | low frequencies |
| base of membrane tunes to | high frequencies |
| vestibules filled with | perilymph |
| equilibrium | balance is a function of vestibular apparatus |
| vestibular apparatus consists of | semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule |
| semicircular ducts filled with | endolymph |
| maculae is in | saccule, and in utricle |
| maculae are | sensory receptors of vestibule |
| sterocilia and kinocilium extend into | otolithic membrane |
| otolithic membrane is | jelly-like covering |
| maculae | respond to horizontal and vertical movements |
| otoliths | increase inertia |
| crista ampullaris | receptor for angular acceleration |
| what is the crista ampullaris | a bump within ampulla |
| ampulla is | expansion of each semicircular ducts |
| rotational acceleration | distorts cupula |
| PNS components | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS components other than brain and spinal cord | sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, ganglia of peripheral nerves, efferent motor endings |
| schwann cell are present in PNS and do what | form myelin sheath of PNS, neurilemma present around axons |
| anatomy of nerve | parallel bundles of nerve fibers, resembles the organization of a muscle fiber |
| what are nerves | collection of fibers running in both directions |
| nerve fibers are | axons of an individual neuron |
| organization of a nerve | endoneurium, nerve fascicle, perineurium, epineurium |
| classification of nerve fibers | afferent, efferent, somatic, visceral |
| afferent nerve fibers | carry sensory signals from receptors to CNS |
| efferent fibers | carry motor signals from CNS to peripheral effectors |
| somatic fibers | innervate skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and bones |
| visceral fibers | innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera |
| mixed nerve | contain sensory and motor fibers, information is traveling to and from CNS |
| sensory nerves go | only towards to CNS |
| motor nerves go | only efferent fibers ( away from CNS) |
| ganglia | aggregation of neuronal cell bodies in PNS |
| ganglia with afferent and efferent fibers | afferent:ganglia of afferent fibers in dorsal root ganglia passing to CNS; efferent fibers; cell bodies of postsynaptic neurons of ANS |
Created by:
kmartino91
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