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COGS17 HW2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response across multiple cells | Across-fiber coding |
| When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell | Convergence |
| When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells | Divergence |
| Set of receptors whose activity influences the activity of target cell | Receptive field |
| Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it | Center-surround RF |
| Type of map that preserves spatial relationships (as along a sensory surface) | Topological map |
| In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence | Magnification factor |
| An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information | Module |
| The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes | Binding problem |
| Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball | Retina |
| Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT | Receptors |
| Receptors that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery | Rods |
| Receptors that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus concentrated in center | Cones |
| Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity | Fovea |
| Next cell in vision pathway after receptors. Shows spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT | Bipolar |
| Inter-neurons that modify reaction of bipolar, implicated in color opponency | Horizontal cells |
| Next cell in vision pathway after bipolars. Has action potentials, release excitatory NT | Ganglions |
| Formed of the ganglions in the eye | Optic nerve |
| Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot" | Optic disk |
| Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects | Amacrines |
| Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors | Dim |
| Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars | Bright |
| High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs | Acuity |
| High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold | Sensitivity |
| Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway | Lateral inhibition |
| Illusion created by lateral inhibition that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround | Simultaneous contrast |
| Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit | Unidirectional |
| Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye | Lateral geniculate |
| In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus | Column |
| In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs | Hypercolumn |
| Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina | Retinotopic map |
| Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex | V1/Striate cortex |
| Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex | Parvocellular |
| Parvocellular pathway is also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Temporal pathway |
| Parvocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual | Who/what pathway |
| Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small receptive fields and sustained response | X ganglion |
| Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex | Magnocellular |
| Magnocellular pathway is also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Parietal pathway |
| Magnocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact with stimuli | Where/how pathway |
| Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large receptive fields and transient response | Y ganglion |
| Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye | Superior colliculus |
| Though vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization | Blindsight |
| Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs | Trichromatic vision |
| Recoding of trichromatic vision via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow | Color opponency |
| LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields | Opponent cells |
| V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo") | Color constancy |
| Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction | Simple cells |
| Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation | Complex cells |
| Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle | Spatial frequencies |
| Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to | High frequencies |
| Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to | Low frequencies |
| End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim | Inferior temporal |
| Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces | Prosopagnosia |
| Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina | Medial temporal |
| Cortex with optic-flow detectors that responds best to contraction/expansion of whole scene | Medial superior temporal |
| In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina | Disparity detector |
| Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal | Tympanic membrane |
| Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above | Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
| Membrane vibrated by Stapes, initiating vibration of… | Oval window |
| Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid | Endolymph |
| The coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear | Cochlea |
| Section of central chamber of the cochlea where Receptor Cells are found | Scala media |
| Membrane that runs along floor of the scala media , moves up and down | Basilar membrane |
| Membrane that runs along roof of the scala media , moves forward & back | Tectorial membrane |
| Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes | Hair cells |
| Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction | Cilia |
| Ion that enters receptor, decreasing its polarity | K+ |
| Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT | Ca++ |
| NT released by auditory receptors | Glutamate |
| Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?) | Graded |
| Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain | Spiral ganglions |
| Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?) | Action potential |
| Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq | Place coding |
| Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing | Temporal coding |
| Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential | Refractory period |
| Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals | Volley principle |
| Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave. | Phase locked |
| Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs | Intensity |
| Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies | Phase |
| Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive | Timing |
| Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination | Inner hair cells |
| Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination | Outer hair cells |
| Axons of spiral ganglion in auditory path form this nerve | Auditory nerve |
| The auditory nerve is part of (#?) Cranial Nerve | 8th |
| Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways | Cochlear nucleus |
| Cell in cochlear nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal | Primary like cell |
| Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array | Tonotopic map |
| Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst | Onset cell |
| Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp | Build-up cell |
| When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above | Monaural |
| When info from both ears is combined, good for localization | Binaural |
| Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex | Superior olive |
| Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site | Inferior colliculus |
| Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things… | Medial geniculate nucleus |
| Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex | A1 |
| Secondary Auditory area in cortex | A2 |
| Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere | Wernicke's area |
| Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemisphere. | Music |
| Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system | Hair |
| Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity | K+ |
| Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate | Spontaneous firing rate |
| Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals | Otolith organ |
| Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration | Semi-circular canals |
| Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info | Motion sickness |
| Cranial nerve (#?) shared with audition | 8th |
| Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement | Free nerve endings |
| Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli | Nociceptors |
| Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement | Encapsulated nerve endings |
| Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs | Proprioception |
| Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?) | Action potentials |
| Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding | Selective adaptation |
| Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway | Ventral posterior nucleus |
| Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord | Spinal thalamic pathway |
| Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem | Medial lemniscal pathway |
| The… somatosensory path tends to be myelinated | Medial lemniscal |
| When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides | Brown-Sequard syndrome |
| Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info | Post-central gyrus |
| Name of topological map of body surface found there | Penfield map |
| Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map | Face, tongue, hands |
| Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway | Substance P |
| Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain | Gate theory |
| Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking | Periaqueductal grey area |
| "Endogenous morphines" released by above | Endorphins |
| Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input | Inhibitory inter-neuron |
| Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture | Naloxone |
| Type of muscle, made of parallel fibers, attached by tendons to bones | Striate |
| One type of striate, that moves bone toward body | Flexors |
| Other type of striate, that moves bone away from body | Extensors |
| Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction | Neuro-muscular junction |
| Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles | Acetylcholine |
| The contractile unit of a muscle fiber | Sarcomere |
| Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it | Myosin |
| Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten | Actin |
| A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle | Spindle |
| A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch | Stretch reflex |
| A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle | Golgi reflex |
| A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain | Pain withdrawal reflex |
| A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm | Scratch reflex |
| Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns | Infant reflexes |
| Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord | Primary motor cortex |
| Location of primary motor cortex | Pre-central gyrus |
| Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visual-Spatial areas | Premotor cortex |
| Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task | Mirror cells |
| Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi) | Broca's area |
| Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal | Supplementary motor cortex |
| Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves | Cortico-spinal pathway |
| Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord | Red Nucleus |
| Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk | Ventro-medial pathway |
| "Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing | Cerebellum |
| Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun | Ballistic |
| "Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance | Purkinje cells |
| "Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT | Parallel fibers |
| Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord | Deep nuclei |
| Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement | Basal ganglia |
| Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of… | Parkinson's disease |
| Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia | Substantia nigra |
| Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine | L-Dopa |
| Name 3 types of neuronal stain that are injected live, but then examined in brain tissue slices | Golgi, Nissl, Weigert |
| Creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is necessary to a certain function | Lesions |
| Method used to generate, for example, the "Penfield Map" of somatosensory cortex in live patients | Electrical stimulation |
| Does staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation get good spatial or temporal resolution? | Good spatial, no temporal |
| Which out of staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation yield information on brain function? Lesions/Electrical stimulation | |
| Record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active subject | Single cell recording |
| Using a "electrode cap", technique detects the electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potentials | Electro-encephalogran (EEG) |
| Does an EEG record localized changes in electrical activity or summation of changes over thousands of neurons? | Thousands of neurons |
| The time-locked average of many EEG trials to factor out other brain activity & focus on a particular response | Event-related potential |
| Detection of naturally occurring changes in magnetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG) | Magneto-encephalogram (MEG) |
| Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which requires confining the subject in a large apparatus? | MEG |
| Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which has the best spatial resolution? | Single cell recording |
| Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which is the most expensive? | MEG |
| Aspect of MRI that involves using pulse of radio waves to make hydrogen protons gyrate in body's fluid | Resonance |
| Aspect of MRI that involves aligning the magnetic fields of those gyrating protons | Magnetic |
| Aspect of MRI that involves the release of energy when the protons are allowed to return to 'natural' alignment | Imaging |
| Example of a neurological disease revealed by MRI's capacity to distinguish white from grey matter | Multiple Sclerosis |
| Technique that makes use of the diff in how oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood respond to magnetic fields | fMRI |
| Is deoxygenated hemoglobin more likely to be found at Active or Non-active sites in the brain? | Active sites |
| What does the "f" in "fMRI" stand for? | Functional |
| Patient is injected w/radioactive fluid that is absorbed w/glucose into active cells & detected as gamma emissions | Positron emission tomography (PET) |
| Technique using 2-D x-rays of tissues that vary in how x-rays penetrate, to build up 3-D image | Computed axial tomography (CAT) |
| Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, best to worst, for detail resolution | MRI, fMRI, PET, CAT |
| Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, lowest to highest, for cost | PET, fMRI, MRI, CAT |
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