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poisonous plants
Ethnobotany 399
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Toxikon (Greek) | arrow poison |
| Strychnine | alkaloid from the seeds of Asian-Indian tree (strychnos nux-vomica) - one of the most bitter substances |
| lethal dose of strychnine | 5 mg |
| Curare | arrow poison known as "flying death" |
| components of Curare | includes many different plant species (70 used in different combinations) |
| two most important plants in Curare | Chondrodendron tomentosum and Strychnos toxifera |
| active ingredient in curare | d-turbocurarine (alkaloid) |
| Hemlock (Apiaceae) | most poisonous wild plant in N. Amercia (don't confuse it with the carrot) |
| Poison Hemlock | Conium maculatum |
| description of poision hemlock | hollow grooved stem with purple spots, highly dissected leaves (perennial herb with compound umbels and pinnately compound leaves) |
| active ingredient in poison hemlock | coniine which is a CNS stimulant |
| Water Hemlock | Cicuta sp. |
| description of water hemlock | has toothed leaflets and resides in wet, swampy areas |
| active ingredient in water hemlock | cicutoxin (highest concentrations in the yellow sap from roots) |
| Milkweeds | Asclepias sp. |
| description of milkweed | opposite or whorled leaves with a milky saps, dense umbels of distinct flowers, and the fruit is a follicle with tufted seeds |
| active ingredient in milkweed | resinous galitoxin (can lead to spasms) and cardioactive glycosides (similar to digoxin and digitoxin) |
| What do Monarch butterfly caterpillars do with the toxin they eat? | they sequester the toxin and it passes into adulthood as protection from predators |
| Rhododendrons, Azaleas and Mountain Laurel (Ericaceae - heath family) | all plant parts are toxic, even honey made from nectar (killed bees :( ) |
| active ingredients in the RAMs (Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Mountain Laurel) | grayanotoxing (andromedotoxins) |
| Fabaceae - legumes ( | Rosary pea, vetch, lupines, wisteria, and locust |
| Sophora secundiflora | Mescal bean |
| active ingredient in Mescal bean | cytisine |
| Euphorbiaceae | Poinsettia, Crown of Thorns, and Pencil tree |
| location of toxin in Eurphorbiaceae | milky latex or sap |
| Castor Bean (not a legume) | Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) |
| Castor beans toxic part | seeds are toxic (colorful - seed coat must be broken down) |
| fatal dose | 1 seed - children and 5-20 seed - adult |
| active ingredient in castor beans | ricin (protein) - most deadly natural plant poison known (inhaled, injected, ingested - resists digestion) and inhibits protein synthesis leading to blood cell clumping |
| castor oil | laxative (no ricin present) |
| alkaloids and saponins | repellent, bitter taste |
| tannins | bitter, bind protein, reduce digestibility of leaves |
| cyanogens | produce cyanide - toxic |
| botanical insecticides | nontoxic to humans and most livestock, biodegradeable |
| pyrethrins | powder that is the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Asteraceae) |
| active ingredients in pyrethrins | pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, and cinerin II |
| Rotenone | derived from roots of several tropical legumes (Tuba root - Derris sp. and Cube root - Lonchocarpus sp.) |
| Neem Tree (margosa) | Azadirachta indica (Mahogany family) |
| origin of Neem Tree | India and Myanmar |
| active ingredients of Neem Tree | antifeedants or growth regulators (effective against more than 200 insect pests and many viruses, bacteria, and fungi) |
| major types of allergic reactions | respiratory, ingestion, and contact dermatitis |
| respiratory allergens | pollen wall proteins (glycoproteins) |
| Toxicodendron radicans | Poison Ivy |
| Toxicodendron quercifolium | Poison Oak |
| Toxicodendron vernix | Poison Sumac |
| active ingredient in Toxicodendron | urushiol (resin present in plant parts - including roots) |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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