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medicinal plants
ethnobotany 399
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hippocrates | the father of W. medicine (believed sichness was caused by problems of the body, not evil spirits) |
| Theophrastus | the father of botany (created detailed descriptions of plants and the first thorough account of opium) |
| Dioscorides | produced a 5 volume book, De Materia Medica about 1000 simple drugs, but it was poorly organized and inaccurate |
| pharmacopeia | book listing medicines and uses |
| Age of Herbals | 1400s - 1600s |
| Printing Press | invented in 1439 |
| Herbals | focused on medicinal uses of plants (some included misinformation and supersition) |
| Paracelsus | developed the Doctrine of Signatures |
| Doctrine of Signatures | the medicinal use of a plant could be ascertained using distint "signatures" visible on plant that correspond to human anatomy |
| Ancient China's Pun tsao phamacopoeia (Published 1600) | provided 1000s of herbal rememdies |
| India's Rigveda | was a collection of Hindu sacred verses that referenced plant remedies |
| Mexico and Central America's Badianus Manuscript | was written in 1592 as a gift to the King of Spain and reported Aztec's traditional medicine (included 13 chapters with illustrations) |
| 10% of prescription drugs in U.S. today | the active ingredient is still extracted from plants |
| 25% of prescriptions in U.S. | contain plant derived compounds (this does not include synthetic compounds first isolated from plants) |
| oils and resins | help active ingredients penetrate tissues and act as antiseptics |
| oils and gums | act as emulsifies or purgatives |
| alkaloids and glycosides | active ingredients in medicinal plants |
| plant secondary compounds | deter herbivory and are antimicrobial |
| glycosides | sugar molecules attached to active component (glyco-) and can act as medicines and toxins depending on the dosage |
| cyanogeic glycosides | release cyanide (common in the rose family - Amygdalin) |
| cardioactive glycosides | contain steroid that impacts contraction of heart muscle (Digitalis) |
| Saponins | contain steroid that is a precursor for synthsis of hormones |
| Foxglove | Digitalis purpurea |
| active ingredients of Foxglove | digoxin and digitoxin (used to slow heart rate, increase strength of each heartbeat and act as cardioactive glycosides - can cause toxic effect of heart arrhythmia |
| dropsy | severe bloating due to fluid retention in lungs, abdomen and extremeties (symptoms of congestive heart failure) |
| Salicin | Salix sp. |
| Salicin (what it is and uses) | derived from the bark of willow trees and is used as a pain and fever reducer |
| active ingredient of salicin | salicin which is a glycoside of saliclic acid and is a stomach irritant causing bleeding and ulcers |
| who synthesized salicylic acid? | German scientist in the mid-1800s |
| why is aspirin used acetylsalicylic acid? | It is less irritating to the stomach |
| The three As of aspirin are | anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever reducing) and and analgesic (pain relieving) |
| prophylactic | suppress aggregation of blood platelets (blood clots) and reduces risk of heart attacks and strokes (suppress prostaglandins) |
| Prostaglandins | human regulatory hormones that are released by injured cells or homeone-stimulated cells and can lead to blood clots when overproduced |
| The Burn Plant | Aloe vera (Liliaceae) |
| Origin of Aloe vera | Africa |
| Description of Aloe vera | succulent perennial with a basal rosette of large, succulent, sword-shaped leaves with a branched inflorescence known as a raceme and it is bird pollinated |
| Aloe vera leaves | contain thick, mucilaginous sap that is soothing to injured skin |
| Active ingredients of Aloe vera | anthraquinone glycoside = aloin and chrysophanic acid |
| Why is Aloe vera used as a purgative for relief to constipation? | anthraquinones irritate the gastointestinal tract! (try it!) :) |
| Alkaloids (-ine) | contain nitrogen and are synthesized from amino acids - have a bitter taste which deters herbivory |
| Malaria | #1 disease! It is found in tropical and subtropical countries in S. and C. America, Asia and Africa |
| causes of Malaria | protozoans called Plasmodium are carried by female Anopheles mosquito |
| quina-quina (bark of barks - Incas) | Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae - coffee family) |
| origin of fever bark tree | eastern slopes of Andes Mtns., S. America |
| active ingredient of fever bark tree | quinine - antimalarial - kills Plasmodium in blood stream - antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic |
| prophylactic | prevents infection in travelers visiting malaria-infected areas |
| Snakeroot | Rauwolfia serpentina(Apocynaceae - milkweed family) |
| origin of snakeroot | India, cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Bangladesh |
| active ingredients in snakeroot | alkaloids - reserpine, rescinnamine, and deserpidine |
| reserpine | represses CNS and reduces blood pressure |
| gnetophytes (gymnosperms) | Ephedra sp. |
| Ma-huang | Ephedra sinica |
| active ingredients of Ephedra | ephedrine |
| actions of ephredrine | acts as a stimulant and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to heart and brain |
| thermogenesis | process by which body burns calories to generate heat |
| Ipecac | Cephalis ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae) |
| uses of Ipecac | induces vomiting |
| Cancer | diverse group of diseases that result in uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells |
| Chemotherapy | several plant sources for anticancer drugs |
| Vinca alkaloids | isolated from Vinca rosea (Madagascar periwinkle) |
| origin of Madagascar periwinkle | tropics |
| active ingredients in Vinca rosea | vinblastine and vincristine |
| mitotic inhibitor | prevents cells from undergoing mitosis by disrupting microtubule polymerization |
| Camptothecins | derived from Camptotheca acuminata (tupelo family) |
| origin of Camptothecins | S. China and Tibet |
| use of Camptothecins | inhibits the DNA enzyme topoisomerase I - can't unwind DNA |
| Mayapple | Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae) |
| uses of the Mayapple | treat tumorous growths and act as a purgative |
| description of the Mayapple | herbaceous perennials, spring wildflower (ephemeral) with leaves that are peltate (umbrella-like) and useually 2 per plant, flowers in axil of leaves (top of shoot) |
| active ingredients in the Mayapple | podophyllin, peltatin (most abundant in rhizome) - mitotic inhibitor |
| Autumn Crocus | Colchicum autumnale (Liliaceae) |
| active ingredient in Autumn Crocus | colchicine (alkaloid) |
| where does colchicine come from | the corm |
| corm | short, vertical, underground stem |
| Ginkgo biloba | Gingko tree |
| uses of the ginkgo | thought to improve brain function in elderly patients with mild dementia (not really), may slow progression of Alzheimer's disease, and inhibits clotting and increases blood flow to brain (more O2) |
| St. John's Wort | Treatment for mild or moderate depression and raises levels of serotonin (mood-enhancing neurotransmitter) and is not shown to be effective for major depression |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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