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nervous system (ana)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neuroglia | the cells and their associated branching fibers that support neural tissue |
| neuroglia of the CNS | ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia |
| neuroglia of the PNS | satellite cells and schwann cells |
| ependymal cells | found lining the cerebrospinal fluid cavities of the CNS, its functions in the production and regulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
| astrocytes | star shaped cells that function in the BBB (blood-brain barrier) and in support and nutrient exchange/regulation between neurons and adjacent cells |
| oligodendrocytes | glial cells that function in the production of the myelin sheths of the CNS axons |
| microglia | glial cells tat function as phagocytes of the CNS |
| satellite cells | the glial cells of the PNS that surround the cell bodies of neurons in ganglia |
| schwann cells | also called neurolemmacytes, they wrap tightly around axons to form myelinated axons and remain in close association to form unmyelinated axons |
| association (interneurons) neurons | neurons of the CNS that transmit impluses from one neuron to another, sensory and motor |
| axon hillock | the site on the cell body where axon originate. site where axon membrane reaches its threshold and an action potential is generated. site where inhibitory and excitatory synapses |
| axon | a process (fiber) of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body. terminates effectors and releases neurotransmitters |
| nissl substance | material of the cytoplasm and dendrites of neurons that consist of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribsomes |
| dendrites | processes that conduct impulses toward th cell body. function as the receptive portion of the neuron. numerous branches |
| neuron | a cell that functions in the transmission of electrical info. functions in the GENERATION and CONDUCTION of the nerve impulse and SECRETES A NEUROTRANSMITTER at the terminals |
| motor (efferent) neurons | neurons that transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
| sensory (afferent) neurons | neurons that transmit impulses generated at their receptors towards the CNS. responds to stimuli. |
| telodendria (collaterals) | fine branches at the termines of the axon |
| axon terminal | the end of each tenodendrion thats functions in the synapse |
| synapse | the site of where the nerve impulse pass through the neuron, a muscle, or gland |
| classification of a neuron according to function | sensory neurons, motor neurons, and association (interneurons) neurons |
| classification of a neuron according to structure | unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and multipolar neurons |
| bipolar neurons | a neuron that has 2 fibrous processes, each arises from opposite sides of the cell body. they transmit sensory info from the special senses |
| multipolar neurons | found in the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain, they participate in multiple synapses. a neuron that has more than 2 fibrous processes associated with the cell body. |
| unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons | the neuron that has a single fibrous process that terminates the synaptic contacts in the brain and spinal cord. found in the PNS, its functions in conducting sensory info from receptors in the body to the spinal cord |
| ganglia | cell bodies of neurons of the PNS are located in these structures |
| gray matter | areas of the brain and spinal cord (CNS) that consists mostly of neuron cell bodies and dendrites, having little myelin. cell bodies of neurons of the CNS are located in gray matter |
| white matter | areas of the brain and spinal cord (CNS) that consist mostly of myelinated axons |
| sensory (afferent) division | info collected from the somatic, visceral, and special senses |
| 2 major parts of nervous system | CNS (central) and PNS (peripheral) |
| CNS components | brain and spinal cord |
| CNS functions | integration, control, consciousness, and mental activites |
| PNS components | all parts of the nervous system that extend from or are outside the CNS |
| 2 divisions of PNS | sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) |
| the motor division involves..... | info flow to somatic and visceral divisions |
| the visceral division involves..... | involuntary control of movements of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary tract |
| sensory component of the visceral is involved with..... | receiving and conduction of info from the viscera to the CNS |
| motor component of the visceral is involved with..... | transmission of info from the CNS to control involuntary movement |
| 2 divisions of the autonomic division | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| autonomic division function | directs motor control to cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands |
| myelin | plasma membrane of schwann cells that are phospholipids. increases conduction speed of axons |
| nodes of ranveir | the small gaps formed between adjacent schwann cells |
| nerves | axons organized into bundles with connective tissue wrappings. part of the PNS. transmits impulse to and from CNS |
| classifications of nerves according to impulse | motor, sensory, and both |
| endoneurium | inner connective sheath that surrounds each axon |
| perineurium | connective sheath that organizes fibers and fascicles |
| epineurium | outer connective sheath of the nerve |
| fascicles | groups of fibers surrounded by the perineurium |
| myelin sheaths | covering that contains the insulating lipid, myelin |
| receptors | sensory endings which respond to specific types of stimuli |
| neuromuscular junctions | synapses with muscles |
| neuroglandular junctions | synapses with glands |
| pacinian corpuscles | lamellated receptors that function as pressure and vibration receptors. |
| graded response | a located response that has an intensity related to the strength of the stimulation |
| synaptic cleft | a small space serperate the terminal and the motor end plate |
| motor end plate | the plasma membrane of a muscle cell has a specialized region at the synapse |
| neurotransmitter | found in the motor end plate |
| acetylcholine (A Ch) | a neurotransmitter released by an axon at a neuromuscular junction |
| acetylcholinesterase (A Ch E) | an enzyme that inactivates A Ch by breaking it into acetic acid and choline |
| axon terminals | ends of axons that make synaptic contact with other neurons, muscles, and glands |
| post synaptic membrane | receptive portion |
| pre synaptic membrane | releases neurotransmitters |
| synaptic gap | space between post and pre synaptic membranes |
| corpus callosum | right and left cerebral hemispheres connected by it |
| cerebrum functions | integrates somatic and motor info, thought, memory, reason, and emotions |
| gyri | deep ridges on the surface of the brain |
| sulci | shallow grooves on surface of the brain |
| fissure | deep furrows |
| somatic motor cortex | controls skeletal muscles |
| premotor cortex | area for memorized motor skills and habits |
| cognition | awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgement |
| occipital lobe | houses the visual cortex |
| cerebral cortex | outer grey matter of the hemispheres |
| cerebral white matter | composed of myelinated sheaths |
| choroid plexus | produce and regulate CSF |
| fornix | connects and functions in the communication of the hippocampus and the hypocampus |
| septum pellucidum | seperates the two lateral ventricles |
| diencephalon regions | thalamus, hypothalmus, epithalamus |
| hypothalamus functions | regulates body temp, sensations of hunger |
| thalami functions | relays sensory info to regions of the cerebral cortex |
| third ventricle | receives CSF from the lateral ventricles |
| brainstem regions | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| midbrain functions | pathway for ascending and descending tracts, regulates cerebral nuclei |
| corpora quadrigemina | four rounded elevations on the posterior portion of the midbrain |
| pons functions | connect cerebellum with midbrain and cerebrum and medulla oblongata and spinal cord |
| medulla oblongata functions | connects spinal cord with brain, regulates respiration, and circulation |
| cerebellum functions | maintain posture and balance |
| folia | horizontal ridges of the cerebellar region |
| arbor vitae | branching areas of cerebellar white matter |
| meninges function | protect and isolate brain and spinal cord |
| sagittal sinus | a specialized vein, a dural sinus |
| CSF functions | protection, insulation, allows diffussion |
| spinal cord functions | receive, integrate, transmit info to and from pons |
| filum terminale | anchors the spinal cord |
| in and out of spinal cord | grey is in, white is out |
| corpora quadrigemina functions | visual reflexes, movement of the head, neck, and eyes |
| frontal lobe functions | cognition, language, speech muscles |
| parietal lobe functions | sensory integration and manipulation of objects |
| temporal lobe functions | memory, language, and auditory |
| cerebral aqueducts | connects third and fourth ventricles |
| vermis | connects two cerebellar hemisphres |
| fourth ventricle function | empties CSF into the subarachnoid space |
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