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chapter 19/blood
blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasma = | 55% of whole blood; formed elements = 45% of whole blood |
| Define formed elements | Term that designates the various types of blood cells |
| Know different kinds of formed elements | Red blood cells (RBCs) – erythrocytes White blood cells (WBCs) – leukocytes Platelets – thrombocytes |
| RBCs – erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| WBCs – leukocytes | white blood cells |
| Basophil | Have relatively large, but sparse, cytoplasmic granules Stain dark purple with basic dyes Least numerous of WBC – 0.5-1% Motile and capable of diapedesis Have S-shaped, but indistinct nuclei Granules contain Histamine: inflammatory chemical Heparin |
| Neutrophil | Average ~65% of total WBC count Highly mobile, active phagocytic cells Migrate out of blood vessels into interstitial space Process called diapedesis Granules in neutrophils contain powerful lysosomes capable of destroying bacterial cells Bacterial i |
| Eosinophil | Cytoplasmic granules are large, numerous, and stain orange with acid dyes like eosin Nuclei generally have 2 lobes Account for 2-5% of WBC population Numerous in digestive and respiratory tracts Weak phagocytes But can ingest inflammatory chemicals a |
| Lymphocyte | Smallest of the leukocytes Large, spherical nuclei surrounded by limited amount of pale blue-staining cytoplasm Next to neutrophils, they are the most numerous – 25% 2 types that have important roles in immunity: T lymphocytes B lymphocytes |
| Monocyte | Largest of the leukocytes Have dark, kidney bean-shaped nuclei surrounded by large quantities of distinctive blue-gray cytoplasm Motile and highly phagocytic Capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells |
| Platelets – | thrombocytes |
| Define packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit | When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, separation occurs Packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit Volume percent of RBCs 45% of total blood volume on average |
| Define anemia | Conditions that result in decrease RBC numbers Reduced hematocrit |
| Know structure of hemoglobin and how it helps in RBCs function | Primary components of RBCs is hemoglobin Red protein pigment Accounts for more than 1/3 of cell volume Critically important for RBC function Disk shape of RBC give it a very large surface area relative to its volume Depression on each flat surface ca |
| Define erythropoiesis | Process of making RBCs |
| Know the stages of RBC formation | RBCs differentiation begins with appearance of proerythroblasts Mitotic divisions then produce basophilic erythroblasts Next maturation division produces polychromatic erythroblasts These produce hemoglobin These lose their nuclei and become reticuloc |
| Know structure of mature RBCs | |
| Know and describe 2 main classes of WBCs | Granulocytes: include 3 classes of WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm (named according to cytoplasmic staining) Agranulocytes: 2 types; cytoplasm does not contain granules |
| Know and describe 5 types of WBCs | Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes |
| Define leukopenia | overall decrease in WBC number |
| Define leukocytosis | overall increase in WBC number |
| Know 3 important properties of platelets | 3 important properties Agglutination Adhesiveness Aggregation |
| Define hemostasis | Stoppage of blood flow May result as end result of one of several body defense mechanisms |
| Define thrombopoiesis | Formation of platelets |
| Know the stages of platelet formation | Platelets = thrombocytes Formation of platelets = thrombopoiesis Begins with stimulation of precursor cells Megakaryoblasts Controlled by a hormone called thrombopoietin |
| Describe different blood types | Type A: antigen A on RBCs Type B: antigen B on RBCs Type AB: antigens A and B on RBCs Type O: neither antigen A or B on RBCs |
| What defines each type | Type A: antigen A on RBCs Type B: antigen B on RBCs Type AB: antigens A and B on RBCs Type O: neither antigen A or B on RBCs |
| What happens upon mixing of different types | Incorrect mixing results in agglutination of donor and recipient blood A potential fatal event called transfusion reaction |
| Define agglutinins | antibodies dissolved in plasma that react with blood group antigens (agglutinogens) |
| Define agglutinogens | Agglutinogens are the antigens on RBC membranes that characterize the ABO blood groups |
| Define agglutination | Incorrect mixing results in agglutination of donor and recipient blood A potential fatal event called transfusion reaction |
| Define transfusion reaction | A potential fatal event |
| Define hemolysis | Host of antibodies attack the donor RBCs and break them apart |
| Know the 2 ways in which a person can develop Rh antibodies | Rh- men and women who have been transfused with Rh+ blood Rh- women who have carried an Rh+ fetus |
| Know difference between plasma and serum | |
| Define coagulation | Primary purpose: plug ruptured vessels to stop bleeding and prevent loss of a vital body fluid Hemostasis Less well known step of hemostasis is defending us from infection Blood clot binds up bacteria to prevent infection |
| Know 4 components critical to coagulation | Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin |
| Know that stage 1 has | intrinsic and extrinsic pathways |
| Know the difference: | |
| Intrinsic: | chemicals released are inside the blood |
| Extrinsic: | chemicals released are outside the blood |
| Describe stages 2 and 3 of blood clotting | Prothrombin activator Prothrombin Thrombin Ca2+ |
| Know ONE condition that opposes clotting | Blood contains antithrombins Oppose (inactivate) thrombin Prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin Heparin Natural constituent of blood Acts as an antithrombin First prepared from liver but is present in other organs as well Injections |
| Know ONE condition that hastens clotting | Rough spot in endothelium Atherosclerosis Associated with increases tendency toward thrombosis because creates rough spots in endothelium Due to plaques of accumulated cholesterol lipid material Abnormally slow blood flow Body immobility can lead to |
| Define fibrinolysis | Physiological mechanism that dissolves clots 2 opposing forces of clot formation and dissolution go on continuously |
| Know the 2 types of WBC and blood-related cancers | Lymphoid neoplasms Arise from lymphoid precursor cells that normally form B and T lymphocytes Myeloid neoplasms Myeloid stem or precursor cells that produce some WBCs, RBCs, and platelets |
| Define multiple myeloma | Cancer of B lymphocytes Most common and most deadly blood-related cancers in people over 65 Impairs bone marrow function Produces defective antibodies Infections often recur Anemia Painful destruction of bones “honeycomb” affect |
| Define thrombus, thrombosis, embolus, and embolism | Clots can form in unbroken blood vessels Can shut off blood supply to critical areas Clot in this case is called thrombus Condition is called thrombosis If part of clot dislodges and circulates Embolus Condition is called embolism |
| Define hemophilia | X-linked inherited disorder Failure to produce one or more proteins needed for blood clotting Body can’t form clots Hemophilia A is most common Absence of factor VIII |
| Define leukemia | Term used for many WBC-related cancers Marked by leukocytosis Classified as acute or chronic How quickly symptoms occur Classified as lymphocytic or myeloid Depending on cell type involved |
| Define infectious mononucleosis | Noncancerous WBC disorder Caused by virus found in saliva Leukocytosis is common Diagnosed with differential WBC count Atypical lymphocytes is common “mono” |
| Define anemia | Body can’t carry sufficient oxygen to cells Can be due to Reduction in number of RBCs Deficiency of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin |
| Hemolytic anemia | relating to blood breakage” Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to become distorted and easily broken Ex: sickle cell anemia and thalassemia |
| Hyperchromic | Abnormally low hemoglobin content |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Body can’t make hemoglobin without adequate levels of iron in the body Number of RBCs close to normal but are very pale due to low hemoglobin content |
| Pernicious anemia | Due to dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 No intrinsic factor Injections of B12 used for treatment |
| Folate deficiency anemia | Folic acid is deficient Can’t produce RBCs in appropriate numbers Vitamin supplements and dietary balance is treatment |
| Blood loss anemia | Decrease in RBC number due to large blood loss |
| Polycythemia | Excess of RBCs Blood can be too thick to flow well |
| Aplastic anemia | Low number of RBCs Can be idiopathic Most result from destruction of bone marrow |
Created by:
coffeecake49
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