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Chap. 29 Plant Diver
Campbell Biology Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plant epidermis | The outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e. it covers roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit. It protects the underlying cells. |
| Cuticle | The wax and other polymers that cover the epidermis. It prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems. |
| Mesophyll | Chloroplast-containing, photosynthetic cells in the interior of leaves; Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. |
| Secondary compounds | Molecules produced by many land plants. They are products of secondary metabolic pathways—side branches off the primary metabolic pathways that produce the lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other compounds common to all organisms. They include com |
| Apical meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots. The dividing cells enable the plant to grow in length |
| Alternation of generations | A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae. (Each generation gives rise to the other.) • Plants alternate between two mu |
| Sporophyte | In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes. |
| Gametophyte | In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes. |
| Meiosis | A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
| Haploid | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). |
| Diploid | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. |
| Gametangia | Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. |
| Archegonia | In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| Antheridia | In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| Placental transfer cell | A plant cell that enhances the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo. |
| Nonvascular plants- Characteristics of Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses | Share some derived traits with vascular plants, such as mutlicellular embryos and apical meristems, but lack roots and true leaves. |
| Plants that Gametophyte is dominant stage | Nonvascular Bryophytes: Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses. Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than Sporophytes. |
| Plants that Sporophyte is dominant stage | Vascular plants: Ferns, etc. Sporophyte is the dominant stage. |
| Plants that have stomata | All vascular plants, mosses, and hornworts |
| Plants without stomata | Liverworts |
| Xylem | Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant. |
| Phloem | Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. |
| Visible structure of nonvascular plants | Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes. Rhizoids anchor gametophytes to substrate. The height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of vascular tissue. Sporophytes consist of a foot, seta, and sporangium (capsule and peristome). |
| Visible structure of vascular plants | Well developed roots and leaves, vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, and lifecycles with dominant sporophytes. Apical meristems allow plants to grow taller and further away from abundant water sources. |
| Nonvascular and sporophyte/gametophyte dependence | The gametophyte stage is dominant and the sporophyte is often dependent on the gametophyte for resources. |
| Vascular seedless and seed plants and sporophyte/gametophyte dependence | The sporophyte stage is dominant and the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte. |
| Dichotomous branching and over-topping | Hypothesis for the evolution of leaves. Branched vascular systems may have evolved by the fusion of branched stems. |
| Microphyll | In lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein. |
| Megaphyll | A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of the vast majority of vascular plants. |
| Homospory | Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte. |
| Heterospory | Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores; microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes. |
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