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Metabolism ch 8
bio 200--metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Caused by entry of substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate | induced fit |
| A kind of allosteric reg. whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits | cooperativity |
| A temporary complex formed when a enzyme binds to its substrate molecule | enzyme-substrate complex |
| A measure of disorder, or randomness | entropy |
| A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings | endergonic reaction |
| Heat | thermal energy or the total amount of kinetic energy due to random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter |
| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction | enzyme |
| A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy | exergonic reaction |
| The portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system | free energy |
| Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy | chemical energy |
| The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site | allosteric regulation |
| A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive(less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule | phosphorylated intermediate |
| The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, and manages the material and energy resources of the organism | metabolism |
| The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure | potential energy |
| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics | competitive inhibitor |
| The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start | activation energy |
| In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction | energy coupling |
| A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway | feedback inhibition |
| The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs | active site |
| A series of chemical reaction that wither builds a complex molecule (anabolic) or breaks dwn a complex molecule to a simpler one (catabolic) | metabolic pathway |
| Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis | cofactor |
| A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules | anabolic pathway |
| Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product | noncompetitive inhibitor |
| A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules | catabolic pathway |
| Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter | kinetic energy |
| Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed | 1st law of thermodynamics |
| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphosphate bonds are hydrolyzed | ATP |
| (1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) the study of how energy flows through organism | bioenergetics |
| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as a coenzymes in metabolic reactions | coenzyme |
| A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable | spontaneous process |
| A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction | catalyst |
| The reactant on which an enzyme works | substrate |
| The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against opposing forces) | energy |
| Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| The study of energy transformation that occur in a collection of matter | thermodynamics |
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