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Animal and plants
Biology Animal and plants orientations and responses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are oritentation responses? | It is the movement of an organism in response to environmental cues and help organisms to avoid adverse conditions. |
| What are tropisms? | Tropisms are plat growth responses toward (positive) or away from (negative) on environmental stimulus e.g. phototropism, chemotropism, geotropism, thigmotropism and hydrotropism. |
| what are nastic responses? | They are the response of a plant to stimuli that do not come from a particular direction e.g. temperature, humidity |
| What is etiolation? | A condition that causes a lack of green colour in plants due to growing in a place with limited sunlight. It is characterised by enlongated stems and a pale (yellow) colour |
| What are plant hormones? | Hormones are chemical messengers that control development and growth. They are produced in one part of a plant and are transported through vascular tissue (phloem and xylem). |
| What are taxis? | A taxis is the movement of an animal towards (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus that is coming from one direction. Taxes are innate and the response is usually the same e.g. chemotaxis, geotaxis, thigmotaxis |
| What is kinesis? | A kinesis is a random movement response, where the activity rate is determined by the intensity of the stimulus rather than its direction. Kinesis are not positive or negative e.g. speed of movement. |
| What is migration? | Active, regular, generally annual movements of ,large groups of animals from a place where they breed to another place where they feed. It is risky and costly in terms of energy use so the advantages have to be worth the cost. |
| What is homing? | homing generally refers to the ability of animals to find their way home, usually over unfamiliar territory. |
| What is navigation? | Navigation involves an animal finding its wat over unkown territory to a known destination. During the journey the animal must know where it is in relation to its destination. Animals use a range of clues e.g. sunlight, stars, magnetic fields, smells. |
| How is distance determinded by travel time? | Direction seems to be determinded by a combination of different cues. Many birds and bees use the sun as a compass to provide them with direction. To do this they need to adjust for its movement across the sky and so need an idea of time |
| What are biological rhythms? | A periodic change in behaviour or physiology that are generated and maintained by a biologiical clock. It is controlled by the external environmental stimuli detected by the organism, the rhythm is exogenus. |
| What are the advantages of biological rhythms? | The biological advantage includes a better food supply relative absence of predators and competitors for food and more favourable environmental conditions. |
| What are the different types of biological rhythms? | Circadian (daily rhytms 24h e.g. diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular), Circatidal (tidal rhythms approx every 12 hours), Circalunar (linked to the moon) and circannual (yearly rhythms). |
| What is a biological clock? | it is an internal timing system that continues without external time cues and controls the timing of activities of organisms.Rhytms controlled by internal timing mechanisms are called endogenus rhythms. |
| What are zeitgebers? | Zeitgebers are environmental cues/agents which reset biological clocks. |
| What is entrainment? | Entrainment is the regular resetting of the biological clock. |
| What are free-running rhythms? | A rhythm occurring in the absence of environmental cues. |
| What is photoperiodism? | The effect of day length on flowering. Plants that flower only under certain day length conditions are said to be photoperiodic. |
| What are long-day plants? | Flowering is initiated when the length of daylight is longer than a critial length. In temperate climates these flower in summer. they occur when there is a short night. |
| What are Short-day plants? | Flowering is initiated when the length of daylight is shorter than a critical length. Occur when there is a long night. |
| What are Day-neutral plants? | These will flower regardless of day length as long as they have enough light for normal growth. |
| What is phytochrome? | The pigment that controls growth and flowering in many plants. Exists in two different forms, Pr (phytochrome red light) and pfr (phytochrome far red light). |
| What is Pr? | Phytochrome red light. It absorbs red light (660nm) and is converted to Pfr in a matter of milliseconds. Pr is biologically inactive and so can function as a biological switch, turning responses on or off. |
| What is Pfr? | Phytochrome far red light. Absorbs far-red light (730nm) and is converted to Pr in a matter of milliseconds. Pfr is biologically active which means it will trigger a response such as seed germination. |
| What is white light? | White light contains both red and far-red light. During the day both forms are exposed and an equilibrium between Pr to Pfr is established (approx 66% Pfr). |
| What happens to phytochrome in plants during darkness/ the night? | Pfr slowly reverts to Pr. However, any exposure to red light, in the middle of the darkness will instantly convert the reverted Pr back to Pfr.the exposure to red light can be cancelled out by exposure to far-red light as this converts the Pfr back to Pr. |
| What triggers flowering? | It is the concentration of Pr and Pfr that triggers flowering. Long-day plants require small amounts of Pr and large amounts of Pfr while short day plants require large amoounts of Pr and smaller amounts of Pfr to flower. |
| What is vernalisation? | Many seeds, such as rye and wheat, require a period of cold before they will germinate. Application of gibberellins in appropriate concentrations can overcome this special requirement. |
| What is dormancy? | Many seeds enter a period of dormancy or metabolic inactivity after they have formed. The length of dormancy varies with different species, but essentially is a mechanism to ensure that the seed only germinates in ideal conditions. |
| What is vernalisation? | Many seeds, such as rye and wheat, require a period of cold before they will germinate. Application of gibberellins in appropriate concentrations can overcome this special requirement. |
| What is dormancy? | Many seeds enter a period of dormancy or metabolic inactivity after they have formed. The length of dormancy varies with different species, but essentially is a mechanism to ensure that the seed only germinates in ideal conditions. |
| What is abscission? | It is the fall of leaves which may be a seasonal event or may follow accidental wind damage, animal browsing or drought. The main aim of the plant is to prevent water loss and parisite invasion at the place where the leaf was attached. |
| What is animal behaviour? | The way an organism reacts to changes in its external or internal environment. ANimal behaviour is influenced by genetics and environment. |
| What is innate animal behaviour? | They are instinctive or inborn and is coded for by genes. it is fully functional first time performed. |
| What are the types of innate animal behaviour? | Reflex behavior (removing your hand from a flame, suckling by a baby) and stereotypical behavior (same response given to the same expense on different occasions). |
| What is fixed action pattern? | A releaser (stimulus) triggers the operation of an innate behavioral program in the brain which results in a fixed action pattern (FAP - a predictable behavioral response). |
| What is learned behavior? | Adaptive change as the result of a particular experience. |
| What are intraspecific non-cooperative relationships? | Competition 'within' a species |
| What is aggressive behavior? | Behavior that intentionally inflicts harm on another organism e.g. fighting (can be between the same or different species). |
| What is agnostic behavior? | Conflict behavior between the same species. There is usually no harm due to the behavior often being ritualised and recognized for the purpose of mate selection or territory. |
| What is sexual dimorphism? | Physical differences between sexes of a species a part from sexual organs e.g. size and strength of male lion is greater than female lion. |
| What is the home range? | Home range is an area that animals regularly cover to hunt food, gather resources etc. |
| What is a territory? | Within the home range is the territory. Territories are actively defended by the group and are where the most group activity occurs. Home ranges can overlap slightly within different social groups. |
| What are advantages of territories? | Provides space which keeps the population down; reduces spread of disease, parasites and harder for predators to find prey; hold enough food and resources for members; mating and nesting area to bring up young; refuge from danger and familiarity with area |
| What are hierarchies? | The order of importance of animals in a social group usually in a linear order of individuals related to their dominance |
| What is a dominant animal? | The strongest animal in the group/hierarchy is the most dominant animal which makes a lot of decisions for the group and holds alot of responsibility. The dominant member of the group is usually determinded by fighting or some other social competition. |
| How is dominance shown? | Dominance is usually shown by posture and displays e.g. showing hackles by dogs. Subordinates respond with appeasement gestures often exposing vulnerable areas of their bodies. |
| Interspecific competition? | Competition between animals of different species, often less intense than intraspecific competition. |
| What is predation? | It is eating of one species by another. it is important for a predator to not kill the entire prey population otherwise it will also die out, or will need to find an alternative food source. |
| What is Mullerian mimicry? | Several poisonous species that all have similar colouration e.g. yellow and black (snakes, wasps, bees). |
| What is Batesian mimicry? | A harmless species mimicking the appearance of a dangerous, poisionous or toxic one e.g. fly mimicking a bee. |
| What is parasitism? | In high density population parasites thrives as they have many hosts. Parasites will often harm the host but not kill it. A parasite is only successful as long as it has a host to reside in (endoparasite) or on (ectoparasite). |
| What is mutualism? | Relationship between two organisms in which both obtain benefit. |
| What is commensalism? | Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits but the other is not harmed |
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