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Biology PP 37
Evolution of Animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe an animal | eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs that eat their food, do not have cell, have intercellular junctions |
| what is the difference betwn. animal and fungi? | fungi digest their food externally and have cell walls |
| 3 phyla that dominate life on land | arthropoda; mollusca; chordata |
| where did the animal kingdom originated from? | from colonial protists |
| a phylogenetic tree is based on what? | patterns of embryonic development and some fundamental structures |
| the 2 subkingdoms of animalia | parazoa and eumetazoa |
| parazoa | no symmetry, tissues or organs, 1 phylum (sponges) |
| eumetazoa | 35 phyla; radially symmetrical and bilateral symmetry |
| what is the simplest animals? | sponges |
| what may be the ancestors of all animals? | choanoflagellates |
| the layres of eumetazoans | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm |
| two types of eumetazoans | radial, and bilateral |
| 2 radially symmetric phyla | cnidaria and ctenophora |
| cnidarians | radial animals with stining threads, simplest animals with tissues; carnivores |
| 2 basic body forms of cindarians | medusae and polyps |
| medusae | free-floating, gelatinous and often umbrella-shaped |
| polyps | cylindrical, pipe-shaped and attached to a rock |
| what has the simplest nervous system | cnidarians |
| cnidarians neurons are linked to one another through a what? | nerve net |
| are most animals radial or bilateral? | bilateral |
| cephalization | a head with sensory structures |
| 3 kinds of body plans | acoelomates; pseudocoelomates; coelomates |
| does acoelomates have body cavity? | no |
| flat worms | simplest of all bilaterally symmetrical animals |
| describe a flat worm eyes | have eyespots (perceive light direction but not a visual image) |
| describe flat worm nervous system | have simple nervous system (first associative activity not just reflexes like cn); permits complex control of muscles |
| does psuedocoelomates have a body cavity? | yes, a pseudo body cavity |
| caenorhabditis elegans | only animal whose complete cellular anatomy is known; first animal whose genome was fully sequenced |
| true body cavities allow: | circulation, movement, organ function |
| circulation | passage of material |
| movement | muscle-driven body movement |
| mollusks | only phylum of coelomates without a segmented body; second largest animal phylum, after arthropods |
| 3 major groups of mollusks | gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), cephalopods (octopuses and squids) |
| segmentation | building of a body from a series of similar segments; it offers evolutionary flexibility |
| Over 66% of all named animals are in the phylum what? | phylum arthropoda (arthropods) |
| arthropods | segmented animals w/exoskeletons and jointed appendages |
| what were the first land animals? | millipedes and centipedes |
| 80% of all arthropods are what? | insects |
| insects | most diverse group of organisms; have 3 part body |
| 3 part body of insects | head, thorax, and abdomen |
| how many developmental patterns does coelomates have? | 2 developmental patterns |
| name the 2 developmental patterns of coelomates | protostomes and deuterostomes |
| protostomes | egg cleaves spirally; cell are committed early; mouth develops from/near the blastopore |
| deuterostomes | egg cleaves radially; cellular commitment occurs late, the anus develop from/near the blastopore |
| the phylum echinodermata (echinoderms) | 6,000 living marine species; endoskeleton; bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but become radially symmetrical as adults |
| what phylum are deuterostomes | echinoderms and chordates |
| examples of echinoderms | starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars |
| what phylum are we in? | chordata |
| chordata | segmented animals with four distinctive feature |
| 4 distinctive features of chordata | nerve cord, stiff notochord, pharyngeal slits behind the mouth, muscular post-anal tail |
| which chordates are not vertebrates | tunicates and lancelets |
| vertebrates have what? | an internal skeleton of bone and cartilage |
| distinguishing features of vertebrates | head and backbone |
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