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Brain
Anatomy Ch 11: What are the functions of the nervous system?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three basic functions of the nervous system? | Sensory input, Integration, and Motor output. |
| What is Sensory input? | gathered information by sensory receptors to monitor inside and outside changes. |
| What is an example of sensory input? | when you are driving and see a red light ahead. |
| What is integration? | decides what to do with the information at each moment. |
| What is an example of integration? | your nervous system integrates that a red light means stop. |
| What is Motor Output? | causes a response by activating effector organs-the muscles and glands. |
| What is an example of motor output? | your foot goes for the break when driving. |
| We have only one nervous system, what two parts is it divided into? | The CNS(central nervous system) and PNS(the peripheral nervous system) |
| What does the central nervous system(CNS)consist of? | the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the purpose of the CNS? | It is the integrating and command center and interprets sensory input and dictates motor responses based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience. |
| What is the PNS conist of? | mainly nerves(bundles of axons that extend from the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the purpose of the PNS? | Paired spinal and crainial nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and brain to the CNS(Serve as communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS). |
| What are the two functional subdivisions of the PNS? | (Sensory)afferent division and the (motor)efferent division. |
| What does the sensory or afferent division consist of? | consists of nerve fibers(axons) that convey impulses TO the central nervous system from sensory receptors throughout the body. |
| What is the purpose of the sensory/afferent division? | it keeps the CNS constantly informed of the events going on inside and outside of the body. |
| What are the somatic afferent fibers and which division do they belong to? | they are sensory fibers conveying impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints and they belong to the sensory(afferent)division. |
| What are visceral afferent fibers and what division do they belong to? | transmit impulses FROM THE Visceral organs(organs within the ventral body cavity and these fibers belong to the sensory/afferent division of the PNS. |
| Does the motor/efferent division of the PNS carry impulses away or to the CNS? | The efferent division carries impulses away from the CNS. |
| What is the purpose of the motor/efferent division? | it carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs(muscles and glands) and activate muscles to contract and glands secrete. They bring about a motor response. |
| What are the two main parts of the motor division? | The Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system(ANS). |
| What is the somatic nervous system composed of? | Motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses FROM the CNS to skeletal muscles. |
| What nervous system is referred to as Voluntary and why? | The somatic nervous system because it allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles. |
| What does the autonomic nervous system consist of? | visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. |
| What nervous system is considered involuntary? | The autonomic nervous system because we generally cannot control the pumping of our heart or the movement of food through our digestive tract. |
| What are the two functional subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system? | The Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division-one subdivision stimulates and the other inhibits. |
| What is the sympathetic divison? | it mobilizes body systems during activity |
| What is the Parasympathetic division? | it conserves energy and promotes house-keeping functions during rest. |
| Which subdivision of the PNS is involved in relaying the feeling of a full stomach after a meal? | the sensory afferent division of the PNS via its visceral afferent fibers |
| Which subdivision of the PNS is involved in contracting the muscles to lift your arm? | The somatic nervous system which is part of the motor efferent divison of the PNS, controls movement of skeletal muscles |
| Which subdivision of the PNS is involved in increasing your heart rate? | The autonomic nervous system which is the motor/efferent division of the PNS, controls the heart rate. |
| Nervous tissue is made of of what two types of cells? | Supporting cells called neuroglia, smaller cells that wrap the more delicate neurons and NEURONS, excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals. |
| What are the four types of Neuroglia/glial cells of the CNS? | astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
| Like neurons, what do most glial cell/neuroglia cells have? | branching processes(extensions) and a central cell body. |
| How are Neuroglia distinguished? | by their smaller size and by their darker-staining nuclei. |
| By what number do Neuroglia outnumber neurons in the CNS? | 10 to 1, and make up about half the mass of the brain. |
| What are astrocytes shape? | like delicate branching sea anemones, star cells |
| What are the most abundant CNS neuroglia? | Astrocytes |
| What do the astocytes processes cling to? | neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover nearby capillaries, supporting and bracing the neurons and anchoring them to their nutrient blood supply lines, the blood capillaries. |
| What is the role of Astrocytes? | they make exchanges between capillaries and neurons, in helping to determine capillary permeability, guiding the migration of young neurons, and in synapse formation. |
| What is the most important job of Astrocytes? | controling the chemical environment around neurons, MOPPING UP leaked potassium ions and recycling released neurotransmitters. |
| What do Astrocytes respond to? | nearby nerve impulses and released neurotransmitters. |
| How are astrocytes connected together? | by gap junctions and signal eachother both by taking in calcium, creating calcium sparks, and release cellular chemical messengers. |
| What do astrocytes influence? | neuronal functioning and therefore participate in information processing in the brain. |
| Are astrocytes in the cns or pns? | CNS |
| What shape are Microglia? | small ovoid cells with long thorny processes. |
| What cells are the defensive cells in the CNS? | Microglial cells |
| What are the processes of the Microglia? | the processes touch nearby neurons,monitoring their health, and when they sense that certain neurons are injured or in trouble, the microglia migrate toward them. |
| What is the protective role of Microglia? | Where invading microorganisms or dead neurons are present, the microglia transform into a macrophage that phagocytizes the microorganisms or neuronal debris. The cells of the immune system are denied access to the cns. |
| Why is the protective role of microglia so important? | it denies the cells of the immune system access to the CNS. |
| What is the shape of Ependymal cells? | wrapping garment, range in shape from squamous to columnar, and many are ciliated. |
| Where are the Epenymal cells located? | they line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord, where they form a barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluied bathing the cells of the CNS. |
| What does the beating of thier cilia help do? | their cilia help to circulate the CSF that cusions the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the shape of the oligodendrocytes? | they branch out and have fewer processes than astrocytes. |
| Where do Oligodendrocytes line up along? | the thicker neuron fibers in the CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths. |
| What are the two kinds of PNS neuroglia? | Satellite cells and Schwann cells. |
| What is the location of Satellite cells? | they surrounded neuron cell bodies located in the PNS. |
| What cells function as astrocytes do in the CNS? | The satellite cells in the PNS. |
| What do satellite cells resemble? | to the moons around a planet(satellites) |
| What is the location of Schwann cells? | they surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS. |
| What cells are Schwann cells functionally similar to? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Which cells are vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers? | Schwann cells. |
| Which type of neuroglia contols the extracellular fluid environment around neuron cell bodies in the CNS? | Astrocytes |
| Which type of neuroglia contols the extracellular fluid environment around neuron cell bodies in the PNS? | Satellite cells. |
| Which two types of neuroglia form insulating coverings called myelin sheaths? | Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS. |
| What is also another name for neurons? | Nerve Cells |
| What are Neurons/Nerve cells? | structural units of the nervous system. They are highly specialized cells that conduct messages of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another(conduct nerve impulses) |
| What are 3 special characteristics of Neurons? | extreme longevity(over 100 year), amitotic(communicate links and lose ability to divide with a few exceptions, high metabolic rate(require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. |
| What are the few exceptions to neurons being amitotic? | When olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life(the hippocampus is a brain region involved in memory). |
| How long can neurons survive without oxygen? | only a few minutes. |
Created by:
lbyrd002
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