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Bio 189 chap 13
From Gene to Protein
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Early studies suggested that genes made what? | Enzymes |
| What are more complicated than genes? | Enzymes |
| Dina is used to make what? | RNA |
| How many types of RNA are there? | Several |
| RNA is used to make what? | Proteins |
| RNA and DNA have both linear what? | Nucleotide polymers |
| RNa has how many different structures? | Several |
| What are three different strcutures that RNA has vs DNA? | single stranded, Ribose, and Uracil instead of Thymine |
| How many types of RNA are there? | three |
| What does the messanger RNA do? | Direct the formation protein |
| What does the Transfer RNA do? | aids translation of the coded message in the mRNA (formation protein) |
| What does the Ribosomal RNA do? | make ribosomes |
| In transcription, what comes from the DNA Template? | RNA |
| Where does transcription occur in? | Nucleus |
| What makes during Translation? | Proteins |
| Where does Translation occure in? | cytoplasm |
| What does DNA copy in transciption? | mRNA |
| What are the three differences of regular DNA replication and the replication in transcription? | RNA polymerase is used, only a small part of DNA is copied, and mRNA is made |
| What is the DNA sequence? | The Gene |
| What are the two main steps of the central Dogma of Genetics? | Transcription ans Translation |
| What is the DNA region at the beginning of the gene called? | Promotor |
| Where happens when the RNA polymerase binds to the promotor? | It begins transcribing the gene |
| What is at the end of the gene? | The terminator |
| What happens when the RNA polymerase stops at the terminator? | It releases RNA molecule that was formed |
| When does Transciption begin? | When the RNA polymerase binds to the promotor |
| When does Transcription end? | When the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator |
| When does the RNA polymerase do to the DNA? | unwinds it |
| What letters pair up in transciption from DNA to RNA? | T to A, A to U, G to C, C to G |
| What does the RNA polymerase make? | A RNA molecule |
| What is the maturity of the RNA molecule that is released after transcritption? | Not mature |
| What does RNA processing do? | remove the noncoding introns from the transcript |
| What are the coding regions called? | exons |
| What happens to the exons in RNA Processing? | They are reattached in order |
| What are introns? | Non-Coding DNA |
| When are introns removed? | After transciption |
| How do you make the mRNA mature? | connecting the exons |
| Where does RNA Processing occur? | In the nucleus |
| When is the transcript an official molecule of mRNA? | once the trancript has been processed |
| How does the mRNA molecule leave the nucleus? | through the nuclear pores |
| What determines which amino acids will be used to make the new protein? | the sequence of the nucleotides in the mRNA molecule |
| What is a codon? | Every three bases on the mRNA |
| What is the genetic code used to translate? | every three bases on the mRNA into 1 amino acid |
| How many possible amino acids are there? | 20 |
| how mnay start codons are there? | 1 |
| how many stop codons are there? | 3 |
| Most amino acids have more than one of what? | condons (degeneracy) |
| Three codons that have no amino acid? | Stop codons |
| What chemical language is in Transcription? | Same language |
| What chemical language is in Translation? | Different language |
| What does the gentic code being universal mean? | All living organisims on earth use the same genetic code |
| If a gene is tranferred into another organsim, that organism is able to make the same what? | Protein |
| RNA has how many nucleotide strands vs DNA | 1 |
| What is the RNA sequence translated into? | protein sequence |
| What holds mRNA and links the amino acids together? | Ribosomes |
| What all plays in Translation? | RNA, Protein, and the three types of RNA |
| What type of RNA is the Product of transcription and processing? | mRNA |
| What type of RNA acts as a molecular interpreter | tRNA |
| What type of RNA carries amino acids? | tRNA |
| Which type of RNA matches amino acids with codon in the mRNA using anticodons? | tRNA |
| What are the two binding sites for tRNA? | Amino acid and Anticodon |
| What is an anitcodon? | Recognizes and pairs with a specific codon on the mRNA molecule |
| Are organelles that actually makes polypeptides | Ribosomes |
| What are made up of two protein subunits? | Ribosomes |
| The process of translation all happens in what? | Ribosome |
| What holds the tRNA and mRNA for use in translation? | fully assembles ribosome |
| What holds mRNA? | Ribosome |
| In translation what binds to the first codon? | tRNA |
| What is the codon that tRNA starts on? | AUG |
| What is the codon that tRNA stops on? | UAC |
| What binds to the next codon? | the second tRNA |
| What are the three types of mutations? | Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion |
| What changes do mutations cause? | changes in the DNA sequence and mRNA sequence |
| What is the change in the codon reading frame? | Frameshift |
| What occurs whenever 1 or 2 bases are added or lost from a coding section of a gene that causes mutation? | Frameshift |
| what types of mutations cause a major change? | deletion and insertion |
| Frameshift mutation adds a what? | a stop codon |
| What is the name for the added stop codon that the frameshift mutation causes? | truncates |
| What do truncates do? | changes shape of protein |
| What gives organimsms traits? | Proteins |
| Whats is DNA transcribed into RNA and RNA translated into Protein | Central Dogma of Genetics |
| What is the gene for sickle cell anmeia? | hemoglobin |
| In sickle cell anemeia what changes? | one base pair and and one amino acid |
Created by:
paige883
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