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bio225
biology225 -test#2 ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ecology | The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their surrounding environment. |
| ecosystem | All the organisms that live in a geographic area, together with the nonliving (abiotic) components that affect or exchange materials with the organisms; a community and its physical environment. |
| intertidal zone | The region between the low-tide and high-tide marks on a seashore. |
| epiphyte | A nonparasitic plant that grows on trees or other solid objects and is not rooted in soil. |
| community | All of the species that interact with each other in a certain area. |
| NPP | amount C fixed by photosynthesis -- amount oxidized through respiration |
| weather | The specific short-term atmospheric conditions of temperature, moisture, sunlight, and wind in a certain area. |
| productivity | The total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year. |
| thermocline | A gradient (cline) in environmental temperature across a large geographic area. |
| biogeography | The study of how species and populations are distributed geographically. |
| conservation biology | The effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations, communities, and ecosystems. |
| age specific fecundity | The average number of female offspring produced by a female in a certain age class. |
| demography | The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time. |
| cohort | A group of individuals that are the same age and can be followed through time. |
| finite rate increase | The rate of increase of a population over a given period of time. Calculated as the ending population size divided by the starting population size |
| exponential pop growth | The accelerating increase in the size of a population that occurs when the growth rate is constant and density independent. |
| fitness | The relative ability of an individual to produce viable offspring compared with other individuals in the same population. Also called Darwinian fitness. |
| intrinsic growth rate | he rate at which a population will grow under optimal conditions (i.e., when birthrates are as high as possible and death rates are as low as possible) |
| life table | A data set that summarizes the probability that an individual in a certain population will survive and reproduce in any given year over the course of its lifetime. |
| logistic population growth | The density-dependent decrease in growth rate as population size approaches the carrying capacity. |
| metapopulation | A population made up of many small, physically isolated populations. |
| population | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time. |
| net reproductive rate | The growth rate of a population per generation; equivalent to the average number of female offspring that each female produces over her lifetime. |
| population dynamics | Changes in the size and other characteristics of populations through time. |
| population ecology | The study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time. |
| zero population growth | A state of stable population size due to fertility staying at the replacement rate for at least one generation. |
| asymmetric competition give example | Ecological competition between two species in which one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other. |
| commensalism give example | Ecological competition between two species in which one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other. |
| community | biotic only!! All of the species that interact with each other in a certain area. |
| constitutive defense | A defensive trait that is always manifested even in the absence of a predator or pathogen |
| fundamental niche | The ecological space that a species occupies in its habitat in the absence of competitors. |
| inducible defense give example | A defensive trait that is manifested only in response to the presence of a consumer (predator or herbivore) or pathogen. crabs and mussles in ocean-crabs present causes mussle to put more energy into defense |
| interspecific competition | The hypothesis that moderate ecological disturbance is associated with higher species diversity than either low or high disturbance. |
| niche differentiation | The change in resource use by competing species that occurs as the result of character displacement. |
| tolerance | In ecological succession, the phenomenon in which early-arriving species do not affect the probability that subsequent species will become established |
| mutualism example? | A symbiotic relationship between two organisms (mutualists) that benefits both. clown fish and sea anemone |
| parasitism | A symbiotic term relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism (the parasite) but detrimental to the other (the host) |
| biogeochemical cycle | The pattern of circulation of an element or molecule among living organisms and the environment. |
| grazing food chain | The ecological network of herbivores and the predators and parasites that consume them. |
| phenology | The timing of events during the year, in environments where seasonal changes occur. |
| primary decomposer | decomposer (detritivore) that consumes detritus from plants. |
| trophic cascade example? | A series of changes in the abundance of species in a food web, usually caused by the addition or removal of a key predator. |
| top-down control | The hypothesis that population size is limited by predators or herbivores (consumers). |
| GPP | In an ecosystem, the total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis, including that used for cellular respiration, over a given time period. |
| sustainability | The planned use of environmental resources at a rate no faster than the rate at which they are naturally replaced. |
| endemic species | A species that lives in one geographic area and nowhere else. |
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