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geo test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the local rocks under our feet called? | limestone |
| mud cracks typically developed in? | silt or clay |
| in sediment and sedimentary rocks, the term texture refers to: | size, sorting, rounding and shape |
| which of the following regions is most likely to be dominated by mechanical weathering? | latitudes |
| someone brings a piece of wood from Noah's Arc and ask you to date the Arc. What is the correct method to use? | with dendrochronology |
| burial of sediments result in: | increasing pressure and increasing temperatures |
| the main types of weathering are: | mechanical and chemical |
| contact metamorphism is the result of: | contact of rock with magma and magmatic fluids |
| a rock is hydrothermally altered by burial. if the rock is buried to 2km dept and the local geothermal gradient is 25 degrees Celsius per km, then how hot is the rock? | 70 degrees celsius; because 70/25 = 2.8 which is the closest one to 2 |
| which among the following does not trigger the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks? | decrease concentration |
| Which of the following sequences describes the metamorphic changes in shale with decreasing metamorphic grade (left to right)? | Gneiss > schist > slate |
| Weathering involves: | Disintegration and decomposition of rock |
| A clastic sedimentary rock contains a piece of coarse-grained olivine. What rock is most likely in the source? | gabbro |
| Marble forms when one of the following rocks is metamorphosed: | limestone |
| Most metamorphic rocks are the result of: | regional metamorphism |
| Which of the following minerals will dissolve completely during weathering? | calcite |
| Frostaction is effective in weathering because: | Ice has greater volume than liquid water |
| Dendrochronology is a dating method that is based on: | tree rings |
| Sedimentary processes take place: | At or near the Earth’s surface |
| The absolute age of a geologic event in the rock record is: | The number of years that has elapsed between the event and the present day |
| what are the basic steps of lithification (in the correct order)? | Compaction, cementation, re-crystallization |
| In which of the following sedimentary rocks would it be easiest to determine the type of rocks from which the sediment was derived? | Conglomerates |
| Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measurable amount of: | Both daughter and parent atoms |
| Which group of mineral will only form as a result of weathering? | clays |
| A break-through in our attempts to accurately date the Earth came when: | Radioactivity was discovered |
| Metamorphic rocks may form from: | Any of the major rock types |
| Foliation is caused by: | Lithostatic pressure |
| Bonus: who is generally considered the father of modern geology? | James Hutton |
| Which of the following rock types would be most affected by chemical weathering? | marble |
| Which of the following is a metamorphic rock? | limestone |
| The earliest estimates of the Earth’s age were based on? | Inferences made from the bible |
| Which of the following minerals would be most concentrated at a site containing heavily weathered sediments? | quartz |
| Intensity of weathering: low: | quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene, and amphibole |
| Intensity of weathering: medium: | quartz, feldspar, mica, and clay minerals |
| Intensity of weathering: high: | quartz and clay minerals |
| What type of metamorphism is caused by igneous intrusions? | Contact metamorphism |
| Whose work was the basis for the principle of uniformitarianism and the unavoidable necessity of a great age of the Earth? | James Hutton |
| The pro-grade part of a metamorphic P-T (pressure and temperature) path occurs during: | (burial and exhumation) |
| Which of the following is a general pressure in all directions, such as the pressure that the atmosphere exerts? | Confining pressure |
| Which of the following lists is written in order of increasing particle size? | Siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate |
| Which of the following metamorphism is the quickest? | Shock |
| Fossils are most common in which rock types? | sedimentary |
| Which of the following metamorphic rocks cannot form from shale? | marble |
| what is the order formed by shale: | slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and then migmatite |
| What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust? | shock metamorphism |
| Rocks ultimately weather because: | Their minerals are unstable at surface conditions |
| If coins represent sediment grains then which of the following collections would be considered most mature? | 5 pennies |
| Which of following rocks is likely to have texture referred to as gneissic? | gneiss |
| Which of the following is a type of chemical weathering? | dissolution |
| Which of the following is not a factor influencing the rate of chemical weathering? | gravity |
| Which of the following metamorphic rocks forms when a limestone is metamorphosed? | marble |
| Graded bedding forms when: | turbidity currents deposit first coarse sediment followed by finer sediment |
| Which of the following is a metamorphic rock? | marble |
| Two common cements of sedimentary rocks include: | calcium carbonate and silica |
| A clastic sedimentary rock contains coarse-grained detritial quartz. What is the most likely source rock? | granite |
| Which of the following order of sediments shows a decrease in grain size? | gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
| Fluids are important in metamorphism because when present they: | speed up chemical reactions |
| Which of the following was not among the early attempts to date the Earth? | The rate of water accumulation in the oceans |
| Sediment on the ocean floor accumulates at rate of 1 mm every 10,000 years. How long would it take for a 1 cm layer to build up? (1 cm = 10 mm). | 100,000 years |
| which of the following used the Bible to arrive at an age for the Earth? | Bishop Ussher |
| In sediment and sedimentary rocks, the term texture refers to: | size, sorting, rounding and shape |
| What minerals will only form as a result of weathering? | clays |
| Frost wedging in the mountains produces which type of material? | Talus |
| Clay minerals only form as a result of weathering of pre-existing minerals. Which of the following minerals will NOT produce clays? | calcite |
| A well sorted sediment might consist of: | large grains all of approximately the same size (diameter) |
| The father of modern geology is generally considered to be: | James Hutton |
| The zone of metamorphism between country rock and intrusive igneous rock is recognized by: | zones of new mineral assemblages |
| Lithification of sediments involves the following steps in the right order: | compaction, cementation, re-crystallization |
| Which of the following sedimentary rocks is biochemical? | coal |
| Foliation in metmorphic rocks results from: | directed pressure |
| Which of the following rocks is the MOST metamorphosed? | Gneiss |
| Frost action is effective in weathering because? | water expands when it turns into ice |
| What are the basic methods of dating using radiometric clocks: | parent, parent-daughter, daughter A - daughter B |
| Erosion is: | the movement of weathered material from its source site |
| Chemical weathering differs from mechanical weathering in that it: | leads to the formation of new minerals |
| During retrograde metamorphism rocks generally do not return to their original, pre-metamorphic state because: | fluids, such as water, are lost |
| Contact metamorphism is the result of: | contact of rock with magma and magmatic fluids |
| As a rock is weathered it typically will take on which shape? | sphere |
| Sediments are classified as: | detrital and chemical |
| Metamorphism of a rock does NOT involve one of the following: | melting |
| The major environments in which sediments are deposited are: | land, shoreline, marine, and open ocean |
| As sediments are transported their grains: | become smaller and more rounded |
| Which of the following sedimentary structures or features is indicative of a dry climate? | mud cracks |
| Igneous and metamorphic rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks due to: | increases in both temperature and pressure |
| Modern geology uses two methods of dating, namely: | relative dating and absolute dating |
| As one gets closer to the source of particular sedimentary rock layer: | the layer becomes thicker |
| Metamorphic rocks may form from: | any of the major rock groups |
| Which physicist estimated the age of the Earth based on a mathematical construct to be no older than 100 million years and no younger than 10 million? | Lord Kelvin |
| Which of the following rocks would be most affected by chemical weathering? | marble |
| Which of the following list of metamorphic rock types is arranged according to decreasing intensity of metamorphism in clay-rich parent rocks? | gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate |
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