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Bio 111 Exam-3
all the vocab from the third exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleotides | Made up of 5 Carbon Sugar + Phosphate +Nitrogenous Base |
| Purines | Bases with two rings (Adenine, Guanine) |
| Pyrimidines | Bases with one ring (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine) |
| Phosphodiester Bonds | What connects nucleotides on the same strand |
| Hydrogen Bonds | What connects nucleotides on opposite strands (easy to pull apart) |
| Semi-conservative | Each old strand of DNA acts as a template for a new strand of DNA |
| Bidirectional | Can go both ways |
| Origin of Replication | A gap where DNA replication proceeds out from |
| Helicase | Unwinds double stranded DNA |
| Topoisomerase | Unwinds double stranded DNA and introduces temporary single-stranded nicks in DNA to unkink it. Also called “swivelase” makes a cut in a strand of DNA, releases DNA, DNA swivels, unwinds, removes kinks, seal is repaired |
| Single-stranded DNA Binding Protein | Binds to unwound single stranded DNA and prevents it from reforming the double helix |
| Primer | Short piece of DNA, act as starters for DNA Synthesis |
| Primase | Makes primers |
| DNA Polymerase 3 | Main enzyme involved in making DNA, makes DNA on the leading and lagging strands |
| Exonuclease Activity | Used by DNA Polymerase 3 , breaks down nucleic acids, removes mismatched bases, proofreader |
| DNA Polymerase I | Removes RNA Primer, fills in gap with DNA |
| Ligase | Connects pieces of DNA together by making last phosphodiester bond |
| Chromatin | Type of DNA, Complex of DNA and proteins, less folded, uncondensed, partially unwound |
| Chromosome | Type of DNA, Complex of DNA and proteins, most toghtly packed, condensed in mitosis and meiosis |
| Nucleosome | DNA wrapped around core of proteins |
| A is the promoter | Region that controls when, where DNA is transcribed into RNA, in front of coding region |
| B-F Coding region | part of gene that’s transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein |
| B, D, F Exons | Regions that code for amino acids |
| G Termination Signal | Sequence of DNA that tells RNA Polymerase to stop making RNA |
| Mrna (Messenger RNA) | Codes for amino acids in proteins |
| Rrna | Structural part of a ribosome |
| Ribosome | Organelle, but it has a structural rrna as part of the ribosome |
| Trna(Transfer RNA) | Brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
| Template Strand | strand of DNA copied into RNA |
| Coding strand | Strand of DNA that has same sequence as RNA |
| Transcription | makes a pre-mRNA (exons + introns) |
| RNA Splicing | Removes introns, makes mature mRNA |
| Cap | 7 Methyl-G cap, added after transcription starts, before RNA synthesis is completed |
| Termination Signal | Sequence in DNA, Makes RNA synthesis stop |
| SnRPS (RNA-protein particle) | bind with other proteins to the intron and remove it |
| Ribosome | Organelles where protein synthesis occurs, made of rrna and proteins |
| Codon | Group of 3 nucleotides |
| Gene | Segment of DNA that codes for protein, contains all information needed for a protein |
| Gene Regulation | Process when a cell controls whether an active protein is made from a gene |
| Gene Expression | Process when a gene is transcribed into RNA, then translated into protein, and the protein is converted to the active form of the protein |
| Constitutive Gene Expression | The gene is expressed at the same level all of the time, in all cell types |
| Cell differentiation | When a cell becomes a specialized cell type |
| Regulation of RNA Splicing | In Eukaryotes, controls whether pre-mRNA is processed to a functional mRNA |
| Alternative splicing | In Eukaryotes can get 2 different forms of protein from 1 pre-mRNA |
| Transcription Factor | Protein that binds to DNA near the promoter of a gene and controls whether the gene is transcribed into RNA, alternate between active and inactive form |
| Repressors | Type of Transcription factor, proteins that bind to the promoter of a gene and prevent RNA synthesis |
| Activators | Proteins that bind near the promoter of a gene and increase or promote RNA synthesis |
| Effector molecule | Small molecule that binds to the transcription factor and changes its shape (Allosteric regulation |
| Transcription Factor | Protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, and thus controlling the transcription of DNA to RNA |
| Effector molecule | Small molecule that binds to the transcription factor and changes its shape (Allosteric regulation, binds to allosteric site) |
| Operon | Bacterial genes involved in the same process or pathway are sometimes clustered together into these. They are under the control of the same promoter. |
| Promoter | Controls when genes in the operon are transcribed into RNA, includes the CAP site, the lac promoter and the operator |
| Structural Genes | Many genes all controlled by the one promoter. Each gene codes for a different enzyme or protein involved in the process. |
| Polycistronic RNA | This is one mRNA that contains the information to make a number of different proteins. |
| Inducible operons | Work if a certain effector molecule is present; usually code for genes involved in breakdown pathways (catabolic pathways) |
| Repressible operons | Repressed if a certain effector molecule is present, are usually involved in synthesis pathways (anabolic pathways) |
| lacZ | codes for the enzyme b-galactosidase |
| lacY | codes for lactose permease, transport protein |
| lacA | codes for enzyme lactose acetylase |
| Catabolite Repression | Allows bacteria to adapt quickly to a preferred carbon energy source first , shows one preferred energy source |
| Missense | Changes one amino acid |
| Silent Mutation | No Change |
| Nonsense | changes regular codon to a stop codon |
| Frameshift | Addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides in DNA, results in non-functional protein (Insertion or deletion) |
| Germ-like cells | Pre-sex cells, makes gametes (sperm or egg), mutations in these cells are passed on |
| Somatic Cells | Body cells (non-reproductive cells) , mutations in these cells are NOT passed on |
| Isomerization | Changes in nucleotide structure |
| Transposons | Source of mutation, a jumping gene, can have thousands of nucleotides, produces non-functional proteins |
| Induced Mutations | Caused by environmental agents |
| Nucleotide Excision Repair | Function is to remove abnormal bases from DNA (like thymine dimers, Uracil, other strange bases) |
| Xeroderma Pigmentosa | When an individual is deficient in an enzyme needed for DNA repair |
| Sickle-Cell Anemia | Caused by proteins clumping, making clumpy hemoglobin fibers, results from a missense mutation in the beta-globin gene |
Created by:
smkenned
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