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Chapter 53 Test
Community Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A group of interacting populations of different species | Community |
| Between different species (impact designated by + or - per species) | Interspecific interactions |
| (-/-) competition for a common resource such as prey or nesting sites | Interspecific competition |
| EX. Interspecific competition | Deer and rabbits |
| When one species out competes another and "excludes" them from the overlapping area | Competitive exclusion |
| Place in the environment including all abiotic and biotic interactions | Niche |
| Demonstrated by Joseph Connell's barnacle experiment | Fundamental vs. realized niche (Potential range vs. actual) |
| Modified niches so that different species are not in head-to-head competition each has their own section/turf | Resource partitioning |
| Having different structure to use when living together and being pretty much similar if found apart | Character displacement |
| EX. Character displacement | Beak depth |
| Locating and consuming prey (+/-) | Predation |
| EX. Predation | Wolf/rabbit |
| Stealth, speed, sensory structures, camouflage, lure mimicry, claws | Predator strategies |
| Speed, chemical defense, size change, numbers | Prey strategies |
| Camouflage and aposematic coloration/warning coloration | Cryptic coloration |
| Faking "don't take the bait" acing like another | Batesian mimicry |
| Working together to spread the danger message | Mullerian mimicry |
| When a herbivore consumes plant foliage or algae (+/-) | Herbivory |
| Cinnamon, clove, mint | Distasteful chemicals |
| Two organisms of different species living in direct contact for "long" periods of time or with extended interactions | Symbiotic relationships |
| Symbiotic organism feeds off of host (+/-) | Parasitism |
| In host such as tapeworms | Endoparasites |
| Leeches | Ectoparasites |
| Egg laid on host hatches and consumes host | Parasitoidism |
| Divergence from health due to pathogens | Disease |
| Disease causing agents | Pathogens |
| Symbiosis where both partners benefit (+/+) | Mutualism |
| EX. Tree ants, coral algae, bacteria in ruminants | Mutualism |
| Symbiosis where one partner benefits and the other is unharmed (+/0) | Commensalism |
| EX. Commensalism | Epiphytes on branches |
| Modification of one species causing a new selection force to be exerted on another | Coevolution |
| EX. Coevolution | Host gene changes so pathogen has to change to recognize host |
| Variety of species types in a community | Species diversity |
| Number of species | Species richness |
| Proportion of each type of species | Relative abundance |
| Feeding relationships | Trophic structure |
| Photosynthetic/chemosynthetic | Primary producers |
| Eat producers | Primary consumers |
| Feed on all levels | Decomposers |
| Food chains are short because less than 10% of energy is passed on to the net trophic level | Energetic hypothesis |
| Since higher trophic levels depend on lower trophic levels, longer chains are less stable | Dynamic stability hypothesis |
| Different combinations of possible food chains link organisms | Food web |
| EX. An organism that may be a secondary consumer by eating an insect may also act as a primary consumer by eating seeds | Food web |
| Wide influence over a community | High Impact Species |
| Largest number of individuals or highest species biomass | Dominant species |
| Total mass of individuals | Biomass |
| Non-native species can often quickly become dominant species due to lack of predators or superior competition ability | Invasive species |
| Not necessarily the most abundant, these species play a major role in their communities | Keystone species |
| EX. Sea stars to species diversity and sea otters to kelp forest development | Keystone species |
| Species that through behaviors or physiology impact environments for other species | Foundation species (ecosystem engineers) |
| EX. Beavers flooding an area or salt marsh rushes preventing evaporation and salt buildup while adding O2 to the soil | Foundation species |
| Lower trophic levels influence higher trophic levels V-H adding more at lower levels will increase numbers of individuals at higher levels but more at higher won't affect lower levels | Bottom-up |
| Predation at higher levels but more at higher won't affect lower levels | Top-down or trophic cascade |
| Using organisms at different trophic levels to impact a community | Biomanipulation |
| EX. Lake Vesijarv | Biomanipulation |
| Communities are almost always changing in response to disturbance- events that change a community such as fire or human action that alters resources | Non-equilibrium model |
| Moderate levels of disturbance may foster diversity (may create conditions that allow fore species to survive) | Intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
| EX. Yellowstone fires of 1988 | Intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
| Sequencial species change to a community | Ecological succession |
| Colonizing a lifeless area | Primary succession |
| First organisms in a new habitat such as prokaryotes and lichens which begin to form soil | Pioneer organisms |
| Species change after disturbance | Secondary succession |
| Tropical areas are "older" in terms of soil, time for species diversification and longer growing season so typically have more species diversity than the poles | Equitorial-polar gradients |
| Evaporation of water from soil and plant transpiration (actual vs. potential both look at energy and solar input but only actual considers if H2O present) | Evapotranspiration |
| When all factors are equal, larger area tends to have more biodiversity | Humbolt's species area curve |
| For isalns show how size, immigration, and extinction of species impacts diversity | Island equilibrium model |
| Communities of "super organisms" as species linked together depend on each other | Clements integrated model |
| Each population just living where conditions are best for their own survival- may happen to overlap | Gleason's individualistic model |
| Many animal species interdependent, losing one species is like taking a rivet out of an airplane, how many rivets will it take before community to plane crashes? | Paul and Anne Ehrlich's model |
| There is a lot of overlap, if one species of predator lost then another predator will probably take it's place | Walker's redundancy model |
| The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community | Resource partitioning |
| Geographically separate | Allopatric |
| Geographically over-lapping | Sympatric |
| Camouflage | Cryptic coloration |
| Bright warning coloration | Aposematic coloration |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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