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Biology 171 - Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leaf | a usually flattened, green, lateral structure attached to a stem. Fan? Primary function is photosynthesis; underside of leave functions as gas exchange |
| Node | part of a stem from which a leaf or branch originates |
| Branch | Limb or offshoot from main stem |
| Stem | Ascending axis or plant |
| Taproot | Main descending axis from which lateral roots originated; serves to anchor the plant and seeks out water; also acts as a storage unit; gathers minerals and water from the soil |
| Mitosis | Parent and daughter(s) identical |
| Parents are diploid (daughter cells are...?) | Daughter cells that are diploid (parents are...?) |
| Parents are haploid (daughter cells are...?) | Daughter cells are identical (parents are...?) |
| Meiosis | Reduction division |
| Parent cells cannot undergo meiosis if they are...? | Haploid |
| Parent cells that are diploid will produce daughter cells that are...? | Haploid |
| Gametophyte create _____ generation? | Sporophyte |
| Sperm is created in the... | Antheridia |
| Egg is created in the... | Archegonia |
| [Mosses] Fusion results in... which produces... | Diploid zygote... a developing diploid sporophyte |
| Mature sporophyte (diploid) produces... | Spores |
| Spores are ____-celled | Single |
| [Mosses] Spores are dispersed away from parents and develops into a... through the process of... | Developing gametophyte... meiosis |
| Spores do not need fertilization to produce (True or False) | True |
| [Mosses] Gametophytes produce gametes (True or False) | True |
| [Mosses] Sporophytes produce... | Spores |
| [Mosses] Spores develop into... | Developing gametophytes |
| [Mosses] Gametes fuse and develop into... | Sporophytes |
| How are mosses and amphibians analogous? | They both must return to water where male will shed sperm on top of eggs |
| [Ferns] The mature sporophyte is diploid/haploid? | Diploid |
| [Ferns] The spores are dispersed by wind and develop into... that are (diploid/haploid). | Gametophytes... haploid |
| Evolution of the heterospore in non-vascular plants and most seedless vascular plants | Sporangium --> Spores --> Bisexual gametophyte --> Sperm/Eggs |
| Evolution of heterospore in seed plants | Microsporangia --> Microspores --> Male gametophyte --> Sperm Megasporangia --> Megaspore --> Female gametophyte --> Eggs |
| Spores are (multicellular/unicellular) and (diploid/haploid). | Unicellular... haploid |
| Seeds are (multicellular/unicellular) and (diploid/haploid). | Multicellular... diploid |
| Non-vascular plants do not have ____ tissue. | Vascular |
| Non-vascular plants have true leaves. (True or False) | False |
| Thallus | Vegetative part of plant in non-vascular plants |
| Bryophyte and Hepaticophyta are ____ dominant. | Gametophyte |
| Hepaticophyta | Liverworts |
| Hepaticophyta lack... | Vascular tissue, true leaves, stomata, roots, stems |
| Hepaticophyta does not have a cuticle (True or False) | False |
| Hepaticophyta undergoes _____ reproduction. | Asexual and sexual reproduction |
| Gemma cups (Hepaticophyta) contain... | Ball of cells (gemmules) |
| Bryophyta | Mosses |
| Bryophyta resembles ____ and lacks_____. | Mini-plants... true leaves, stems, roots |
| Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue (True or False) | True |
| Vascular tissue do what two things? | Gives support to plant and transports water throughout plant |
| Which seedless vascular plants are sporophyte dominant? | Lycophyta, Equisetophyta, Psilotophyta, Pteridophyta |
| Lycophyta | Clubmosses |
| Lycophyta characteristics | Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, leaves, stems, roots, strobili (have sporangia) |
| Equisetophyta | Horsetails |
| Equisetophyta characteristics | Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, scale-like leaves, stems, roots, strobili (look like small cones) |
| Psilotophyta | Whiskferns |
| Psiltophyta characteristics | No true leaves, with scales instead of leaves, sporangia on stem |
| Pteridophyta | Ferns |
| Pteridophyta characteristics | Have true leaves, stems and roots, sporangia grouped together with sori |
| Types of vascular tissue | Xylem and Phloem |
| Xylem | Transports water in one direction, from the roots to the shoots |
| Phloem | Transports sugars, amino acids, chemical signals in both directions |
| Nonvascular plants were the (first/second) plant type to make the transition to land. | First |
| Nonvascular plants have vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support (True or False) | False |
| List non-vascular plants | Hepaticophyta (Liverworts) and Bryophyta (Mosses) |
| List seedless vascular plants | Lycophyta (Clubmosses), Equisetophyta (Horsetails), Psilotophyta (Whiskferns) and Pteridophyta (Ferns) |
| Benefits of life on land for plants include... | Light more available on land (water absorbs light, reducing total available for photosynthesis) and CO2 more available on land |
| Problems with life on land for plants include... (water, gravity, fertilization, UV radiation) | Water: loss from tissue; transport to tissue that are far from water Gravity: plants in water are supported against force of gravity Fertilization: aquatic plants have motile, swimming sperm UV radiation: sun burns plant tissue and mutates DNA |
| (The transition to land) Adaptations to the water problem arose in 2 steps... | 1) Preventing water loss from cells and 2) Transporting water from tissues with access to water to tissues without access to water |
| The development of the _____ and _____ prevent water loss. | Cuticle... stomata |
| Cuticle | A waxy, watertight sealant that gives plants the ability to survive in dry environments |
| What is a stomata? How did it help in preventing water loss? | A pore that opens and closes. The cuticle prevented plants from exchanging gas through pores, so the stomata enabled pores to open and close-- allowing water and gas exchange. |
| Modern bryophytes (mosses) and other non-vascular plants are ____ to the ground and have leaves that are _____. | Low... a few cells thicks |
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masakofukuchi
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