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B2 Roseman ABSN II
B2 M8-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PNS | 12 pairs cranial nerves, 31 pairs spinal nerves |
| Cerebral cortex | outer layer of cerebrum - governs though, memory, reason, sensation, voluntary movement |
| dominant hemisphere | left -95% people |
| 4 lobes | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| frontal lobe | personality behavior, emotions, intellectual function |
| precentraL GYRUS OF frontal lobe | voluntary movement |
| parietal post central gyrus | sensation |
| occipital | visual receptor center |
| temporal lobe | primary auditor reception, hearing, taste and smell |
| wenicke's area | (in Temporal Lobe) language comprehension |
| receptive aphasia | person hear's sounds but it has no meaning |
| broca's area | (frontal lobe) motor speech |
| expressive aphasia | person cannot talk - garbled sounds |
| basal ganglia | gray matter w/in 2 hemispheres - initiate, coordinate movement, control auto body movements |
| thalamus | spinal cord, cerebellum, brainstem synapse |
| hypothalamus | temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, BP, sleep center, anterior/posterior pituitary gland regulator, coordinate autonomic nervous system activity and stress response |
| cerebellum | voluntary movement, equilibrium, muscle tone, adjusts/corrects voluntary movement |
| Brainstem | Midbrain, pons, medulla |
| Midbrain | motor neurons and tracts |
| pons | ascending sensory, descending motor tracts, 2 respiratory centers |
| medulla | all ascending and descending fiber tracts, vital autonomic centers, nuclei for cranial nerves VIII to XII. |
| Pyramidal decussation | crossing of motor fibers |
| spinal cord | mediates reflexes of posture control, urination, pain response. butterfly shape |
| spinothalamic tract | transmit pain, temp, crude or light touch, dorsal root across to 2nd sensory neuron split lateral anterior |
| posterior (dorsal) columns | conduct position, vibration and finely localized touch - dorsal to thalalmus |
| homunculus | brain's map of body |
| corticospinal tract (pyramidal) | higher motor system permitting skilled and purposeful movements |
| Extrapyramidal trat | motor nerve fiber outside the pyramidal tract (older) |
| Upper motor neurons | located in CNS, middle man for lower motor neurons - associated diseases - cerebrovascular, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis |
| Lower motor neurons | mostly peripheral nervous system - spinal cord to muscle, diseases - spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral scerosis |
| nerve | bundle of fibers outside CNS |
| afferent nerve fibers | input |
| efferent nerve fibers | output |
| deep tendon reflex | patellar (knee jerk) |
| superficial reflex | corneal, abdominal |
| visceral reflex | pupil response to light |
| pathologic | babinski (extensor plantar) |
| components of a deep tendon reflex | 1. intact sensory nerve (afferent) 2. functional synapse in cord 3. intact motor nerve fiber (efferent) 4. neuromuscular junction 5. competent muscle |
| cranial nerves | enter exit through brain not spinal cord |
| I Olfactory | smell |
| II Optic | Vision |
| III Oculomotor | Motor-most EOM movement, open eyelids Parasympathetic - pupil constriction, lens shape |
| IV Trochlear | down and inward movement of eye |
| VTrigeminal | Motor- Mastificiation Sensory - sensation of face and scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose |
| VI abducens | Lateral eye movement |
| VII facial | Motor- facial muscles, close eyes, labial speech, close mouth sensory - taste anterior 2/3 tongue parasympathetic - saliva tear secretion |
| VIII acoustic | hearing and equilibrium |
| IX glossopharyngeal | motor - pharynx (Phonation/swallowing) sensory - taste on posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx |
| X - Vagus | Motor - pharynx and larynx (talking/swallowing) Sensory - general sensation from carotid body, sinus, pharynx, viscera Parasympathetic - carotid reflex |
| XI - Spinal | Movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles |
| XII - Hypoglossal | Movement of tongue |
| dermal segmentation | cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves |
| dermatome | circumscribed skin area supplied from one spinal cord segment through a particular nerve. |
| spinal nerve C6,C7,C8 | Thumb, middle finger, fifth finger |
| spinal nerve T1 | axilla |
| spinal nerve T4 | nipple |
| spinal nerve T10 | umbilicus |
| spinal nerve L1 | groin |
| spinal nerve L4 | knee |
| aura | subjective sensation preceding seizure (auditory, visual, motor) |
| paresis | partial paralysis |
| dysmetria | inability to control distance, power and speed of a muscular action |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation (burning, tingling) |
| dysarthia | difficulty forming words |
| dysphasia | difficulty with language comprehension or expression |
| micturition syncope | fainting shortly after or during urination. |
| screening neurologic exam | seemingly well person w/ no previous hx |
| complete neurologic exam | persons with neurologic concerns (headach, weakness) who show signs of neurologic dysfunction |
| neurologic recheck | exam on persons with neurologic defecits and require periodic assessments |
| anosmia | decrease or loss of smell |
| nystagmus | back and forth oscillation of eyes - disease of vestibular system, cerebellum or brainstem (normal when extreme lateral) |
| ptosis (drooping) | myasthenia gravis, dysfunction of cranial nerve III |
| strabismus | deviated gaze or limited movement of eyes |
| ataxia | unsteady or uncoordinated gait |
| flaccidity | decreased resistance, hypotonia, occur w peripheral weakness |
| Romberg | close eyes, no swaying |
| Rapid Alternating Movements (RAM) test | pat knees both hands, lif, turn, pat w back of hands |
| dysdiadochokinesia | sloppy resonse to Rapid Alternating Movement test - cerebellar disease |
| dysmetria | clumsy movement w overshooting mark |
| past pointing | constant deviation to one side |
| finger to finger test | touch your finger then their nose |
| finger to nose test | close eyes, stretch arms, touch nose w each finger |
| heel to shin test | run heel down shin in straight line (neg - cerebellar disease) |
| anesthesia | absent touch sensation |
| hypoesthesia | decreased touch sensation |
| kinesthesia | position |
| astereognosis | inability to id object correctly by touch |
| graphesthesia | ability to read numbers by having it traced on skin |
| deep tendon reflex scale | 0 - no response, 2+ average, normal, 4+ very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease |
| clonus | rapid rythmic contractions of the same muscle |
| hyperreflexia | exaggerated reflex seen when monosynaptic reflex ar is released from usually inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels |
| hyporeflexia | absence of reflex |
| weak grip | sign of UMN and LMN disease or arthritis, carpal tunnel |
| Cushing reflex | widening BP, decreased pulse - shows signs of increasing intracranial pressure |
| Glasgow Coma scale | standardized, objective assessment that defines LOC |
| pancreas | soft, lobulated gland located behind stomach |
| RUQ | liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, part of ascending transverse colon |
| LUQ | stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon |
| RLQ | cecum, appendix, right ovar and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord |
| LLQ | part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and tube, left ureter, left spermatic cord |
| midline | aorta, uterus (if enlarged), bladder (if distended) |
| gastrid acid secretion decrease | pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, malabsorption of calcium |
| gallstone increase | w age, 10-20% middle-aged and aloder adults, more in female |
| liver size decrease | 25% between age of 20 and 70 |
| Rome criteria | standard for constipation - reduced stool <3xweek, straining, lumpy or hard stool, anorectel block |
| causes of constipation | decrease activity, inadequate intake of water, low fiber diet, side effects of meds, ibs, bowel obstruction, hypothyroidism, inadequate toilet facilities |
| dysphagia | inability or difficulty to swallow |
| pyrosis | heart burn |
| eructation | belching |
| acute abdomen pain ER | appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, perforated organ |
| cholycystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| hematemesis | vomit blood, occurs w stomach or duodenal ulcers and eshogeal varices |
| peptic ulcer caused | NSAIDs, alcohol, smoking, helicobacter pylori |
| scaphoid abdomen | caves in |
| hernia | protrusion of abdominal viscera through abdominal opening in muscle wall |
| striae | stretch marks - recent = pink, turn silvery white |
| scar allets for | previous surgery, underlying adhesions, excess fibrous tissue |
| borborygmus | stomach growling |
| hyperactive ab sounds | loud, high pitched rushing tinkling |
| scaphoid abdomen | caves in |
| hypoactive or absent ab sounds | follow abdomen surgery or inflammation of peritoneum |
| hernia | protrusion of abdominal viscera through abdominal opening in muscle wall |
| hepatomegaly | liver enlargement |
| striae | stretch marks - recent = pink, turn silvery white |
| scar allets for | previous surgery, underlying adhesions, excess fibrous tissue |
| borborygmus | stomach growling |
| hyperactive ab sounds | loud, high pitched rushing tinkling |
| costoverteral angle tenderness | sharp pain occurs w inflammation of kidney or paranephric area |
| hypoactive or absent ab sounds | follow abdomen surgery or inflammation of peritoneum |
| ascites | extra fluid in perinoetel cavity - occurs with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cancer |
| hepatomegaly | liver enlargement |
| normal liver span | 6 to 12 cm |
| mean liver span | 10.5 cm for males, 7 cm for femals |
| positive spleen percussion sign | tympany to dull w full inspiration - detects splenomegaly, mononucleosis, malaria, hepatic cirrhosis |
| costoverteral angle tenderness | sharp pain occurs w inflammation of kidney or paranephric area |
| ascites | extra fluid in perinoetel cavity - occurs with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cancer |
| spleen enlarges | with mononucleosis, trauma, leukemias, lymphomas |
| blumberg sign | push slow and deep, normal, negative, no pain on release of pressure |
| murphy sign | pain when palpate liver - inflammation in gallbladder |
| illiopsoas muscle test | right leg lift causes pain in RLQ |
Created by:
Amazon3Woman
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