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Marano- Geology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| geology | study of Earth |
| minerals | solid, inorganic (nonliving), pure substances that make up the Earth |
| minerals | made of only one type of matter, building blocks of rocks |
| Physical traits to identify minerals | color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, density |
| Is the color of a mineral the best indicator for identification? | No, because impurities or weathering may change color |
| Luster | the way that light reflects on a surface |
| metallic luster | shiny surface |
| nonmetallic luster | glassy, greasy, oily, waxy, earthy, dull |
| streak | color of powder left when a mineral is rubbed against a hard rough surface |
| streak plate | unglazed porcelain |
| Hardness | mineral's resistance to being scratched |
| What scale is hardness based on? | Moh's scale (1 to 10) |
| What is the softest mineral on Moh's scale? | talc=1 |
| What is the hardest mineral on Moh's scale? | diamond=10 |
| Mineral's tendency to break in a specific crystal pattern along areas of weakness? | cleavage |
| Mineral's tendency to break in no particular pattern | fracture |
| density | amount of matter in a certain amount of space, how packed something is |
| formula for density | density = mass/volume |
| label for density | g/cm3 |
| specific gravity | comparison of mineral's density to water's density (1 gm/cm3) |
| hydrochloric acid causes _______ on some minerals such as calcite | bubbling |
| Halite tastes like _____ | salt |
| Which mineral is magnetic? | magnetite |
| flame color | when minerals are burned they may glow a specific color |
| Glows green | copper |
| Which minerals will glow (fluorescence)? | calcite and fluorite |
| Rocks made up of one or more _______. | minerals |
| Differences in rocks are based on the _____ of the rock. | origin (how it was made) |
| Texture of rocks | sizes, shapes and positions of the grain it is made up of |
| Three types of rocks | Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic |
| Igneous rocks | Latin for fire, made of cooled molten matter |
| Lava | when matter is above ground |
| magma | when matter is in the ground |
| As matter cools, it forms _______. | Crystals |
| The faster the matter cools, the (smaller, bigger) the crystals. | smaller |
| Extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks | form outside of the volcano and have small crystals |
| Intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks | form inside of volcano from magma and have large crystals |
| Sedimentary rocks | made from sediments |
| sediments | solid fragments (pieces) of material that have been moved by air, water, ice and clumped together |
| lithification | when loose sediments become rock |
| examples of lithification | cementation and compaction |
| Compaction | loose sediments swished together |
| Cementation | loose sediments glued together |
| Sedimentary rock | forms at or near the Earth's surface at normal temperature and pressure |
| Sedimentary rock | may contain fossils |
| Sedimentary rock | forms in layers (beds, strata) |
| The ______ is the last layer formed and will be the youngest | top |
| Clastic (fragmental) sedimentary rock | made up of pieces of sediment named by the size of sediment |
| Crystalline /chemical sedimentary rock | left behind when water evaporates |
| Metamorphic rock | From the Greek "meta" means change, "morph" means form |
| Metamorphic rock | rocks that are changed by heat and pressure |
| Metamorphic rock | characteristics: may look completely different than parent rock |
| Metamorphic rock will become harder and denser because _____ | the depth of the Earth or the movement of the plates on the Earth has squished the rock |
| Metamorphic rock looks (the same or different) than parent rock. | different |
| Metamorphic rock- characteristics include _______ texture | crystal |
| foliation | when the layers appear to align much like the pages in a book because of the pressure |
| nonfoliated | no regular pattern of layers |
| Types of metamorphism are ______ and ______ | contact and regional |
| Contact metamorphism | rock that is in contact with magma |
| Regional metamorphism | enormous pressure for either being very deep within the Earth or when large pieces of Earth's crust collide |
| Weathering | the breaking apart of rocks, minerals, or any object into smaller pieces |
| erosion | the movement of weathered pieces |
| Relative dating | determining whether an object or event is younger or older than other objects of events |
| Super position | principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks when the rock is undisturbed |
| fault | a break in the Earth's crust along which blocks of the crust slid past each other |
| intrusion | molten rocks from the Earth's interior that squeezes into existing rock and cools |
| folding | when rock layers bend and buckle form Earth's internal forces |
| tilting | when internal forces in the Earth slant rock layers without folding them |
| Main layers of the Earth | crust, mantle, inner and outer core |
| hydrosphere | water layer of the Earth |
| atmosphere | gaseous layers of the Earth |
| lithosphere | the upper/solid portion of the Earth, made of crust and top of mantle, divided into pieces called tectonic plates |
| asthenosphere | soft, gooey layer of the mantle that the plates float along |
| mesosphere | bottom layer of the mantle |
| tectonic plates | pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere |
| earthquakes | occur when tetonic plates rub or smash into each other |
| seismology | the study of earthquakes |
| epicenter | the point of the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point |
| focus | the point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins |
| Richter scale | measures the strength of the earthquake |
| San Andreas fault | location in California where many earthquakes occur |
| volcano | a mountain that forms when molten rock is forced to the Earth's surface |
| Ring of Fire | plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific ocean where many volcanoes exist |
Created by:
seagullq
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