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Bio unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| catabolic pathway | breaks down molecules; releases energy |
| anabolic pathway | synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones; requires energy |
| chemical energy | potential energy of molecules |
| first law of thermodynamics | the total amount of energy in universe is constant- can be transferred of transformed but no created or destroyed |
| second law of thermodynamics | energy is lost to the environment as heat; that is, some energy becomes unusable |
| endergonic | requires net input of energy; energy is stored in products as potential energy |
| exergonic | release energy |
| energy coupling | often used in cellular metabolism; energy released is excergonic rxn is used to drive endergonic rxn |
| ATP stands for... | adenosine triphosphate |
| Structure of ATP | adenine, ribose, and phosphate (3) |
| Explain how energy is released from ATP. which bond has the most energy? | negatively charged phosphate groups have the same charge and want to "get away" from each other, making them unstable and easily broken. the third phosphate has the most potential energy |
| three mechanisms for making ATP | 1) Substrate-level phosphorylation 2) Oxidative phosphorylation 3) photophosphorylation (only in plants) |
| difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and Oxidative/photo Phosphorylation | the later requires a membrane to create a gradient while the other is done through an enzyme |
| how many ATP molecules on average are produced by cellular respiration? | 36-38 per motichondria |
| describe photosynthesis reaction | anabolic, endergonic |
| describe cellular respiration reaction | catabolic, exergonic |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gaining of electrons |
| reducing agent | electron donor |
| oxidizing agent | electron acceptor |
| electron carriers | coenzymes (not proteins); carry 2 electrons in the form of H-atoms; allow for max energy transfer, min energy loss |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; electron acceptor in cellular respiration; reduced to NADH |
| FAD | flavin adenine dinucleotide; electron acceptor in Krebs Cycle; reduced to FADH2 |
| NADP+ | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; electron acceptor in light reaction of photosynthesis; reduced to NADPH |
| dehydrogenase | oxides substrate by removing hydrogen atoms (DE-HYDRO) |
| Where does the oxygen comes from that is produced in photosynthesis | water |
| ReDox reaction of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight= C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Site of light reaction | thylakoids |
| Site of Calvin Cycle | stroma |
| mesophyll | "middle leaf" where photosynthesis occurs |
| Stomata | where CO2 enters leaf |
| palisade layer | tightly packed layer where most photosynthesis occurs |
| spongy layer | a more porus layer that allows for the movement of CO2 and O2 |
| what pigments does chlorophyll a absorb? | mainly blue-violet and red light |
| what pigments does chlorophyll b absorb? | mainly blue and orange light |
| what pigments does cartenoids absorb? | accessory pigments; expands spectrum of light that can be used for photosynthesis |
| difference between chlorophyll a and b | methyl group in chlorophyll a aldehide group in chlorophyll b (polar) |
| what molecule has a similar structure to chlorophyll that is found in human blood cells? | hemaglobin; Mg in chlorophyll; Fe in hemaglobin |
| what experiment discovered what pigments of light chlorophyll absorbs? | Engelmann's |
| Photosystem II | first photosystem in light reaction |
| P680 | pair of chlorophyll a molecules; located in reaction center of photosystem II; 680 refers to the wavelength it prefers |
| Where to "excited" electrons go to? | primary electron acceptor |
| what replaces the electrons lost by P680? | water; oxygen and H+ ions released |
| how do electrons moves from Photosystem II to photosystem I? | via an electron transport chain |
| chemiosmosis | the potential energy of a concentration gradient is used to make ATP |
| photophosphorylation | the chemiosmotic production of ATP whose initial energy input is light energy |
| lumin | inside of thylakoid |
| Photosystem I | P700; electrons replaced by electron transport chain from Photosystem II; "excited" electron from P700 moves through a short electron transport chain reducing NADP+ to NADPH |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | alternative photosynthesis light reaction pathway seen in some bacteria/plants; only utilizes Photosystem I; no NADPH production; No O2 release; does generate ATP |
| rubisco | required in Calvin Cycle; considered most abundant protein on planet; fairly slow; has two active sites (one for CO2 and the other for O2) |
| three basic steps of Calvin Cycle | 1) carbon fixation 2) reduction 3) regeneration of RuBP |
| carbon fixation | rubisco combines CO2 with five-carbon sugar (RuBP. this is unstable and splits into 3-PGA (3-phosphoglyceric acid) |
| reduction | 6 molecules of ATP and six molecules of NADPH are oxidized to produce six molecules of G3P (6 3-PGA -> 6G3P) one molecule of G3P is released. |
| regeneration of RuBP | ATP is used to convert the remaining five molecules of G3P to 3 molecules of RuBP |
| photorespiration | counterproductive pathway; due to oxygen competing for rubisco; consumes ATP and decreases carbohydrate yield; uses up carbons |
| C4 plants | keep stomata closed to conserve water; fixes carbon to 4-C compound with pep carboxylase; transfers CO2 to bundle sheath cells; the CO2 concentration remains high enough to outcompete O2 |
| CAM plants | adapted to dry climates; keeps stomata open at night; fixes CO2 into 4-C compound and banks it at night to be used for photosynthesis during the day |
| Redox reaction of cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
| oxidative respiration | citric acid cycle + electron transport chain; oxygen is required for both |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | when an enzyme(kinase) transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP |
| two parts of glycolysis | first part= energy investment phase; second part= energy pay-off phase |
| beginning and end molecules of glycolysis | starts with glucose and ends with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) |
| important enzyme in glycolysis | phosphofructokinase; greatest amount of alsoteric regulation; alosteric regulator =ATP |
| What is "spent" and produced in the energy investment phase of glycolysis? | spent 2 ATP; produced 2 G3P |
| what is the products of the energy pay-off phase? net gain of ATP? | produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH; net gain of 2 ATP |
| end product of glycolysis? | pyruvate or pyruvic acid if hydroxyl is attached |
| "grooming" step/ pyruvate oxidation | 1) removes carboxyl group, given off as CO2 2) 2-C molecule is oxidized to acetate, reducing NAD+ 3) acetate binds to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA |
| where oxidative respiration ( grooming, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur) | in mitochondria, grooming and krebs in matrix, other in inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What combines with acetyl-CoA in the krebs cycle? | oxaloacetate (OAA) |
| what does the krebs cycle produce? | 6 NADH, 2 ATP (or GTP, which is either converted or used) and 2 FADH2 |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the electron transport and chemiososis in cellular respiration; creates electrochemical gradient |
| the ultimate electron accpetor in oxidatibe phosphorylation | oxygen |
| amount of ATP produced by NADH | 2.5 |
| amount of ATP produced by FADH2 | 1.5 |
| why is FADH2 less? | it starts later in the transport chain |
| how many NADH, FADH2, and ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation? | 10 NADH = 25 ATP; 2 FADH2= 3 ATP for a total of 28 ATP, which added with the other 4 from glycolysis and krebs is a total of 32 ATP per glucose |
| how ATP synthase works in chemiosis | movement of H+ ions rotates ezyme complex, which exposes active sites, producing ATP from ADP and P |
| what biomolecules can be used in cellular respiration? which one is preferred? which one is the last resort? | proteins, fats, carbohydrates. carbohydrates preferred, proteins last resort |
| fermentation | anaerobic pathway, occurs in cytosol, pupose = to keep glycolysis going or else no ATP production could result in death |
| how does it keep glycolysis going? | regenerates NAD+ |
| alcohol fermentation | H+ ions are attached to acetaldehyde (pyruvate that gives off CO2 to form) to form ethanol |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate and hydrogen ions combine to make lactatae, used in muscle cells and red blood cells |
| what do rotenone, cyanide, and carbon monoxide do to cellular respiration? | block electron transport chain |
| what does oligomycin do? | blocks passage of H+ in ATP synthase; used for fungal infections |
| what does dinitrophenol (DNP) do? | "uncoupler"; makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to hydrogen ions; ruining gradient |
Created by:
bootoo
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