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grcc bi121 exam3
GRCC BI 121 Exam 3 Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone function: e.g. support | Pelvis |
| Bone function: e.g. Protection | ribs, cranium |
| Bone function: Leverage/Body movement | work with muscle musculoskeletal |
| Bone Function: Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) in flat bones and vertebrae | Formed in red marrow; postpartum in spongy tissue in what type of bones? |
| Bone Function: Mineral storage | Calcium & phosphorus as calcium phosphate (70% by wt) |
| what is required for clot formation, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction | Calcium and phosphorus which is stored in bones |
| bone function: shock absorption (recall chicken bones from lab) | collagen and joints |
| bone function: fat storage | yellow marrow |
| Long bone anatomy | Epiphysis;diaphysis;periosteum;compact bone; spongy; medulla; endosteum, marrow |
| Long bone anatomy: epiphysis | flared edn with hyaline cartilage that forms joint |
| Long bone anatomy: diaphysis | shaft of the bone |
| Long bone anatomy: Periosteum | Fibrous and vascular membane covering all non-cartilage surfaces |
| Long bone anatomy: compact bone | Composed of osteons (no gaps) |
| Long bone anatomy: spongy (cancellous) bone | Composed of trabeculae (with gaps) |
| Long bone anatomy: Medulla | Linear cavity formed by the hollow of the compact bone |
| Long Bone anatomy: Endosteum | Membrane containing bone forming cell that lines the medulla |
| Thin membrane containing bone forming cells | endosteum |
| Long bone anatomy: Marrow | soft connective tissue that fills medulla. |
| Red marrow | RBC/WBC/Platelet formation |
| Red marrow location | Medulla before birth |
| epiphysis after birth | red marrow location |
| Yellow marrow | fat storage |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: bone cells | Bone cells; osteoblasts; osteocyte; osteoclasts; osteon; central canal; perforating canals |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: Osteoblasts function | bone deposition; immature bone cells; bone building |
| Known as the constructin crew | Osteoblasts |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: Osteocyte | In lacunae |
| Function of osteocytes | removes wastes; transports nutrients; mature osteoblasts |
| Known as the maintenance crew | Osteocytes |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: osteoclasts | bone and fiber reabsorption: from fused monocytes |
| Osteoclast | The destruction crew |
| Bone destruction causes release of calcium and phosphoate in blood | osteoclasts |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: osteon | Concentric deposit of inorganic salts, collagen, elastin and osteocytes. |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: central canal | parallel to bone axis; contains vessels and nerves |
| Microscopic bone anatomy: perforating canals | Perpendicular to bone axis; contains vessels, nerves |
| Osteoblasts mature into what? | Into an osteocytes |
| Bone development | Intramembranous bones; Ossification |
| How do intramembranous bones originate | Originate in sheet like layers of connective tissue. |
| e.g. flat bones such as skull and clavicles | Intramembranous bones |
| Step 1 intramembranous ossification | sheet like layers of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue appear at sites of future bones |
| Step 2 intramembranous ossification | Prtially differentiated connective tissue cells collect around blood vessels in these layers |
| Step 3 intramembranous ossification | Connective tissue cells further differentiate into osteoblasts, which deposit spongy bone |
| Step 4 intramembranous ossification | Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completly surrounds them. |
| Step 5 intramembranous ossification | Connective tissue on the surface of each developing structure forms a periosteum. |
| Step 6 Intramembranous ossification | Osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum deposit compact bone over the spongy bone. |
| Intramembranous bones start with | sheet like layers of undifferentiated conn tissue at sites of future bones |
| Sheet like layers originate in future bone | step 1 |
| Blood vessels collect around sheet like layers | step 2 |
| Tissues turning into osteoblasts & deposit in spongy bone | step 3 |
| Osteoblasts turn into Osteocytes when surrounded by bony matrix | step 4 |
| Periosteum forms from connective tissue on surface | step 5 |
| Compact bone developed via Osteoblasts inside the periosteum deposit compact bone over spongy bone | step 6 |
| Periosteum gives rise to osteoblasts- what happens first and then second? | Spongy bone formed first and then compact bone |
| Endochondrial bones | from ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models |
| Which process are most bones produced? | endochondrial bones |
| endo | in |
| chond | cartilage |
| Long bones are formed | endochondral bones |
| there are no gaps in this part of the long bone | compact bone is composed of osteons. |
| There are gaps in this part of the bone | spongy bone is composed of trabeculae |
| Where does ossification start in endochondral bones | This begins in diaphysis and moves to epiphysis |
| Where does secondary ossification move towards? | Secondary ossification moves does toward diaphysis |
| step 1: massess of hyaline cartilage form what? | Models of furture bones |
| Step 2: Cartilage breaks down and what develops? | periosteum |
| Step 3: Blood vessels & differentiating osteoblasts from what? | the periosteum, and they invade the disintegrating tissue. |
| Step 4: Osteoblasts form what and what space does this new formed tissue occupy | spongy bone is formed in the space occupied by cartilage. |
| Step 5: Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum do what? | deposit thin layers of compact bone |
| Step 6: Osteoblasts become what? | Become osteocytes when completely surrounded by bony matrix |
| What happens to epiphyseal plate? | will eventually ossify and called epiphyseal line. |
| What is epiphyseal plate made of? | cartilage |
| growth plate = | epiphyseal plate |
| what happens if fracture of epiphyseal plate? | If fractured, growth plat forms assymetrically. |
| assymetrical | no balance, |
| Bone cancers affect Osteoclasts therefore | bone loss; osteoclasts release ca & phosphates; overproduction of osteoclasts can lead to too much. |
| Prostate cance can stimulate osteoblasts therefore | bone production; overproduction leads to too much growth. |
| Factors affect bone growth | Vit D, A, & C |
| Vit D | Required for calcium absorption in small intestine & helps with bone building |
| Vit A | required for osteoblast and osteoclast activity during fetal development |
| Vit C | req for collagen formation in bones. |
| Low Vit D = | bone softening or rickets or ostomalacia |
| rickets | bone softening in children |
| Osteomalacia | bone softening in adults. |
| Factor affecting bone growth | UV exposure |
| How does UV exposure affect Vit D absorption | Vit D synthesized from substrate in presense of UV ; via skin and digestive tract |
| Digestive tract | Is better for absorbing Vit D.... |
| Factors that affect bone growth: mechanical stress | Stimulates osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts decreases and osteoclasts increases | Result of mechanical stress |
| Factors that affect bone growth: hormones | Secreted by the pituatary, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries and testes. |
| Pituatary stimulates | Growth hormone |
| Thyroid stimulates | replacement of cartilage in the epiphyseal plates of long bones |
| Stimulates osteoblast activities | Thyroid stimulates |
| Parathyroid stimulates | Increase number & activity of osteoclasts which break down bone. |
| Ovaries and testes stimulates | testosterone and estrogen promotes bone formation; stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plate |
| Hormonal Osteopathology | pituatary dwarfism; pituatary gigantism;acromegaly |
| pituatary dwarfism | decreased levels of human growth hormone |
| HGH stimulates | cartilage cells- which eventually turn into bone. |
| normal body proportions but dwarfed | Pituatary dwarfism |
| Pituatary gigantism | Increase levels of human growth hormone (therefore increase mitosis in cartilage) results in stature up to 8 feet. |
| Increase mitosis and pituatary gigantism that leads to death | rapids growth leads to losing telomeres resulting slow down mitosis leading to early death. |
| Acromegaly | increase levels of human growth hormone results in enlarged hands, feet, jaw, ears. |
| Cause of acromegaly | pituatary tumor |
| treatment for pituatary dwarfism | administer HGH could lead to up to inces of growth..has to be adminstered at right time. |
| Timing of administrating HGH to stimulate growth is based on what | the stage of epiphyseal plate... |
| Osteopathology/osteotrauma | Chondrodysplasia; osteogenesis imperfecta; factures |
| chondrodysplasia | irregular collagen fibers leads to stunted growth and deformed joints |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Too few collagen fibers; easily broken bones |
| To give rise to imperfect bones | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| Insufficient collagen fibers = | Brittle bones; osteogenesis imperfecta |
| fractures | Any cracklying or breaking of bones |
| Traumatic fracture | via injury |
| pathological fractures | via disease |
| fracture origins | traumatic and pathological |
| Fracture extent | closed; compound; complete, incomplete |
| Closed fracture | skin not broken via bone movement |
| compound fracture | skin broken via bone movement exposing fracture |
| Open fracture = | compound fracture |
| Complete fracture | bone broken in 2 or more pieces |
| incomplete fracture | bone not broken into 2 pieces |
| communited fracture | complete fracture; broken into 3 or more pieces; common in old and brittle bones |
| Compression fracture | Crushed bone; common in porous bones (i.e. osteoporosis); at risk for extreme caution as in a fall. |
| Spiral | Twisting of bone; common sports fracture |
| Epiphyseal break | Epiphysis seperates from diaphysis along epi plate |
| greenstick fracture | Incomplete fracture; break occurs on convex surface of the bend in the bone. |
| Fissured fractures | incomplete fracture; longitudinal break |
| Transverse fracture | complete; break occurs at right angle to axis of bone |
| Oblique fracture | complete;occurs at an angle other than right angle of the axis of bone |
| Depressed fracture | broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical skill fracture |
| green stick fractures are common in children because | there bones are more organix matrix and more flexible that those of adults |
| four major steps in bone repair | 1. hematoma formation, 2. fibrocartilage callus formation; 3. bony callus formation; 4. bone remodeling |
| Stage 1: hematomoa formation | bone repair; blood escapes severed blood vessels forming a hematoma |
| stage 2: fibrocartilaginous callus formation | spongy bones form close to developing blood vessels, fibrocartilage forms |
| Stage 3; bony callus formation | This replaces fibrocartilage |
| Stage: Bone remodeling | Stage 4: osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue- new bone is restored. |
| Low calcium level stimulates | parathyroid which stimulates parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclasts that break down bone to release calcium into blood |
| High Calcium level stimulates | thyroid gland to release calcitonin, then stimulates osteoblasts which deposit calcium into bones |
| Osteoporosis | trabeculae are lost and compact bone develops open spaces |
| In osteoporosis, trabeculae are lost & compact bone develops open spaces causes | inactivty of osteoblasts (which builds bones) and continued activity of osteoclasts (which break down bone) |
| List risk factors for osteoporosis | female, postmenopausal, light complexion, alcohol, smoking, genes, anorexia and lack of exercise in adolesence. |
| Approx 25% of gender diagnosed with osteoporosis | American Men |
| Extra calcium in blood means what? | There is less calcium in the bone- extra calcium in blood serum activates ostoblasts |
| deficient calcium in blood serum activates? | Osteoclasts, which break down bone and release Ca into the blood. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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