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A&P 22
An introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of living organisms | Microbiology |
| Pathogens may also be called | parasites |
| Pathogens live on other organisms called a | host |
| Simple single-celled organisms are | Bacteria |
| multicellular animals with "jointed legs" are called | arthropods |
| examples of Arthropods | lobster, shrimps, insects, ticks and mites |
| Molds and mushrooms are known as | Fungi |
| What do fungi do | decompose organic matter in the soil to help recycle nutrients |
| these things help consume dead organic matter | worms |
| all of these are parasites because they can only reproduce within a living cell or host | viruses |
| examples of viruses | influenza, common cold, chickenpox |
| what are amoebas | free living and in sea water |
| arthropods are known as | vectors, because they spread disease from host to host |
| who is responsible for discovering vaccine for rabies | Louis Pasteur |
| who discovered penicillin | Alexander Fleming |
| also known as the genus and the species | Binomial Nomenclature |
| what part of the binomial nomenclature is placed first, is always capitalized, and is always larger | the genus name, also can sometimes be abbreviated |
| what part of the binomial nomenclature is placed second, is not capitalized, and is the smaller category | the species name |
| a natural population of microorganisms living on and within us is | normal flora |
| microorganisms that live on us most of the time | resident flora |
| if a resident flora moves out of their "home" location it becomes an | opportunist, i.e. E coli moving from the GI tract to the urinary tract |
| These microorganisms may be found periodically on our bodies | transient flora |
| antibiotics in reference to resident flora and virus | sometimes antibiotics cannot distinguish between resident flora and a virus and may overpower our flora causing a secondary problem |
| the ability of the pathogen to cause disease | virulence |
| the body's total defenses against pathogens | resistance |
| what part of the body should be free of microorganisms | the blood |
| part of the body with the largest population of bacteria | small intestine |
| location and function of lysozomes | saliva in mouth, inhibit bacterial growth |
| the period of time before a pathogen establishes itself in a host is called | incubation period |
| a time in which vague symptoms may appear | prodromal period |
| Vitamin K is usually absorbed here in the body | large intestine |
| an infection confined to one area of the body is known as | a localized infection |
| an infection that is spread throughout the body by way of the lymph fluid or the blood | systemic infection |
| what are the terms for bacteria present in the blood | bacteremia and septicemia |
| acute versus chronic infections | acute infections are abrupt whereas chronic infections progress slowly and last for a long time |
| an example of a secondary infection is | bacterial pneumonia |
| proper handwashing is a critical way to prevent this type of infection | nosocomial infection |
| this type of infection is caused by a person's own normal flora, i.e. urinary catheter infection | endogenous |
| the study of patterns and spread of disease within a population | epidemiology |
| outbreak of disease | epidemic |
| a disease present in a population | endemic |
| epidemic spread to other countries | pandemic |
| ways bacteria can enter the body and what is it called | the nose, mouth, bites, skin breaks, and urinary tract; portal of entry |
| a way bacteria leaves the body and what is it called | blood, urine, feces; portal of exit |
| if you harbor the bacteria without being ill yourself you are considered a | carrier |
| animal diseases are known as | zoonoses |
| zoonoses are spread from; and name a few | animals to humans; plague, lyme, ecephalitis |
| define communicable disease | one that may be transmitted directly or indirectly |
| what is known as inanimate objects that carry a disease; and examples | fomites; eating utensils, door knobs, toys |
| a chemical that destroys or inhibits growth of a bacteria | antiseptic |
| chemical used on inanimate objects | disinfectant |
| function of bactericides verses bacteriostatic | bactericides kill bacteria by disrupting important metabolic processes; bacteriostatic inhibit their reproduction and growth |
| define autoclave | a chamber in which steam is used to sterilize |
| define pasteurization | done to milk to destroy harmful bacteria, it is heated to 145 degrees for 30 minutes |
| usually ingested bacteria are destroyed by | hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, before they cause any harm |
| based on shape and size, bacteria may be classified as | coccus, bacillus, and spirillum |
| a coccus is a | sphere |
| diplo means | pairs |
| clusters are | staphylo |
| chains are | strepto |
| rod shaped are called | bacillus |
| some spirilla may be called | spirochetes |
| flagella enables | movement |
| the process whereby a bacteria can reproduce itself | binary fission |
| aerobic means | with air |
| anaerobic means | without air |
| two groups of bacteria are in; and what color | gram negative and gram positive; appear purple or blue |
| what does bacteria have that keeps it from being destroyed | an outer capsule |
| a spore is | a dormant stage |
| what are produced by bacteria and cause the disease | toxins |
| can disrupt the functioning of nerve cells; i.e. | neurotoxins; botulism and tetanus toxins |
| can cause fever in the host | endotoxins |
| can reproduce only within the living cells of a host and can be treated with antibiotics | rickettsias and chlamydias |
| patients are usually treated for bacterial infections with a | broad spectrum antibiotic until the bacteria is isolated |
| what is done to determine if bacteria is resistant to antibiotic | culture and sensitivity testing |
| what are not cells and are active only within the cell | viruses |
| a successful antiviral medication that treats herpes virus | acyclovir |
| a fungi that lives on dead organic matter | saprophytes |
| are part of the normal flora of the mouth and skin | candida albicans (antibiotics diminish this and allow yeast to multiply) |
| single cells that are adapted to life in freshwater | protozoa |
| worms are also known as | helminths |
| arthropods live on | the surface of the body; i.e. scabies mite and head lice |
| malaria caused by | mosquito |
| plague caused by | flea |
| rocky mountain spotted fever caused by | tick |
| encephalitis caused by | mosquito |
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laotracuata
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