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Apologia Bio Mod. 6
Definitions for Apologia Biology - Module #6 (2nd Edition)
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells |
Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances |
Respiration | The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy |
Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials |
Egestion | The removal of nonsoluble waste materials |
Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances |
Homeostasis | Maintaining the status quo |
Reproduction | Producing more cells |
Cytology | The study of cells |
Cell Wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings |
Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents |
Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell |
Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oils |
Chromoplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes |
Waste vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
Phagocytic vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
Pinocytic vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
Golgi bodies | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
Microfilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group |
Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy |
Isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution |
Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
Plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water |
Cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure |
Hypotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
Activation energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going |