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HEART AP2
JONES QUIZ 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| OUTER LAYER OF THE SEROUS PERICARDIUM | PARIETAL PERICARDIUM |
| INNER LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM THAT PROTECTS THE HEART WALL | VISERAL PERICARDIUM OR EPICARDIUM |
| NAME 4 FUNCTIONS OF PERICARDIUM | It holds the heart in place,acts as a barrier to infections & It helps prevent heart over expansion. |
| LOCATION WERE 2 LAYERS OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM JOIN? | They join at the base of the heart, where the major blood vessels attach. |
| NAME SPACE THAT LIES BETWEEN THE TWO SEROUS PERICARIUM LAYERS | The pericardial cavity. |
| WHAT NORMALLY FILL THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO SEROUS MEMBRANES OF THE PERICARDIUM | A lubricating fluid called pericardial fluid. |
| DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF THICK OUT LAYER OF PERICARDIUM | It is called the fibrous pericardium and consists of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| WHICH BONE PROTECTS & COVERS ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE HEART | The sternum |
| COMPARTMENT OR SPACE BETWEEN LUNGS THAT CONTAINS THE HEART | The mediastinum |
| BOTTOM PART OF THE HEART IS ANCHORED TOP WHICH ORGAN | THE DIAPHRAGM |
| NAME APPLIED TO NARROW INFERIOR END OF HEART THAT PROTRUDES THE LUNGS | THE APEX |
| APPROXIMATE SIZE OF HEART | SIZE OF A MANS FIST 250-350 GRAMS ABT 2/3 OF HEARTS MASS IS LOCATED TO LEFT OF BODYS MIDLINE |
| LAYERS OF HEART WALL | HAS 3 LAYERS, EPICARDIUM,MYOCARDIUM & ENDOCARDIUM |
| EPICARDIUM | COVERS OUTER SURFACE OF HEART, SEROUS MEMBRANE,CONSISTS OF EXTERNAL LAYER OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS & INNER LAYER CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
| MYOCARDIUM | THICK MIDDLE LAYER, NUMEROUS LAYERS CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS THAT WRAP AROUND THE HEART |
| ENDOCARDIUM | COVERING THE INNER SURFACE, ALSO COVERS HEART VALVES & TENDONS |
| FUNCTION OF HEART VALVES | to ensur one-way (forward) flow of blood travelling through the chambers of the heart. |
| ORDER OF HOW VALVES WORK | TRICUSPID,PULMONARY,MITRAL, AORTIC |
| TRICUSPID VALVE | between the right atrium and right ventricle, the tricuspid valve has three leaflets pointing downward tethered to the papillary muscles below them by chordae tendinae the first heart sound (S1 |
| PULMONARY VALVE | between the r ventricle & the pulmonary artery, sl valve has three cusps. AT end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. |
| MITRAL (BI) VALVE | between the left atrium and left ventricle, the mitral valve two leaflets (or cusps) pointing downward and anchored by chordae tendinae to the papillary muscles in the left ventricle below has chordae tendinae, 2 leafletsthe first heart sound (S1) |
| AORTIC VALVE | between the left ventricle and the aorta, the aortic valve has three cusps. the pressure in the left ventricle decreases, the aortic pressure forces the aortic valve to close. |
| AV VALVE | tricuspid & mitral valves (bicuspid) are between the right & left atria& ventricles. ventricular diastole (the resting phase of the cardiac cyclerespectively. |
| SEMILUNAR VALVE | PULMONARY & AORTIC VALVES,PREVENT BACKFLOW INTO THE VENTRICLE AFTER CONTRACTION OF AORTA & PUL VALVES Located at the base of both the pulmonary trunk & AORTA.CLOSE WHEN VENTRICLES RELAX |
| PULMONARY CIRCUIT | pumping blood to the lungs where the blood gives up carbon dioxide and takes on oxygen. |
| SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT | blood leaves the heart through the aorta, goes to all organs of the body through the systemic arteries,then returns to the heart through the systemic veins. |
| ARTERIES | ALWAYS CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART |
| VEINS | ALWAYS CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART |
| PATHWAY OF BLOOD THRU PULMONARY CIRCUIT | R ATRIUM TO TRICUSPID VALVE TO R VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY SL VALVE TO PULMONARY ARTERY carries the blood that is very low in oxygen to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated. Systemic circulation |
| PULMONARY ARTERY | ONLY ARTERY THAT CONTAINS DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD |
| SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT | oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.left atrium TO L VENT TO AV(BI)VALVE TO AORTIC SL VALVE TO A & D AORTA TO ARTERIES |
| CHORDAE TENDINEAE | attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve. known as the subvalvular apparatus keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. |
| PAPILLARY MUSCLES | known as the subvalvular apparatus keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. |
| WALLS OF LEFT HEART | L HANDLES MORE BLOOD AMT & PRESSURE CUZ IT PUMPS TO THE WHOLE BODY |
| TRABECULAE CARNE | rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart. |
| PECTINATE MUSCLES | present in the right atrium & right & left auricle only. |
| ARE EQUAL AMTS OF BLOOD PUMPED TO BOTH SIDES OF THE HEART | Yes. output is the same for left and right ventricle. otherwise, blood volume and pressure would increase abnormally in one circuit (pulmonary or systemic) and decrease in other circuit. |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS | STRIATED,LONG FIBER LIKE STRUCTURE,NUCLEI,subdivided into smaller structures called myofibrils |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS | STRIATED, NUCLEI,subdivided into smaller structures called myofibrils,vertebrates is only found in the HEART, |
| MYOFIBRILS | composed of 2 kinds of myofilaments,thin filaments are made of 2 strands of the protein actin and one strand of a regulatory protein coiled together. |
| BLOOD IS SUPPLIED TO THE MYOCARDIUM BY WHICH VESSELS | CORONARY ARTERIES |
| ANASTOMOSES | between branches of the two coronary arteries,the coronary arteries are functionally end arteries & so these meetings are referred to as anatomical anastamoses, which lack function,two arteries or their branches join, the area of the myocardium receives d |
| NAME THE AGE RELATED CHANGES THAT COULD AFFECT THE HEART | SCLEROSIS & THICKENING OF VALVE FLAPS,DECLINE IN CARDIAC RESERVES, FIBROSIS OF CARDIAC MUSCLES,ALTHEROSCLEROSIS |
| WHY KIND OF DAMAGE IS CAUSED BY MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | TISSUE DAMAGE TO THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART, CLOTS CAN FORM IN BLOOD VESSELS, INTRAVENTRICULAR RUPTURE,INFLAMMATORY REACTION OF PERICARDIUM & HEART FAILURE AT ANY TIME |
| WHEN SEMILUNAR VALVES ARE OPEN WHAT IS OCCURRING? | AV VALVES ARE CLOSED,VENTRICLES ARE IN SYSTOLE,BLOOD ENTERS AORTA,BLOOD ENTERS THE PULMONARY ARTERIES |
| THE PORTION OF THE INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM LOCATED IN THE INTRAVENTRICULAR SEPTUM IS? | AV BUNDLE |
| CARDIAC CELLS AT REST ARE | CONSIDERED POLARIZED MEANING no electrical activity takes place |
| POLARIZED | no electrical activity takes place |
| RESTING POTENTIAL | cell membrane of the cardiac muscle cell separates different concentrations of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. |
| DEPOLARIZATION | Once an electrical cell generates an electrical impulse, this electrical impulse causes the ions to cross the cell membrane and causes the action potential Depolarization w/corresponding contraction of myocardial muscle moves as a wave through the heart |
| REPOLARIZATION | Return of the ions to their previous resting state, which corresponds with relaxation of the myocardial muscle |
| ELECTRICAL ACTIVITIES | Depolarization and repolarization are electrical activities which cause muscular activity |
| SA Node - SINOATRIAL NODE | primary pacemaker of the heart,ocated in the wall of the right atrium, near the inlet of the superior vena cava |
| LEAVE SA NODE | As the electrical impulse leaves the SA node, it is conducted through the left atria by way of Bachmann's bundles, through the right atria, via the atrial tracts |
| AV node | Located in the lower right atrium near the interatrial septum,Waits for the completion of atrial emptying and ventricular filling, to allow the cardiac muscle to stretch to it's fullest for peak cardiac output |
| Bundle of His | Resumes rapid conduction of the impulses thrU the ventricles & Makes up the distal part of the AV junction then extends into the ventricles next to the interventricular septum Divides into the Right & Left bundle branches |
| Purkinje Fibers | Conduct impulses rapidly thrU the muscle to assist in depolarization & contraction Can also serve as a pacemaker,Extends form the bundle branches into the endocardium & deep into the myocardial tissue |
| CARDIAC CYCLE | Consists of one beat, or one P-QRS-T sequence.The sequence: Atrial contraction (systole) & relaxation (diastole), followed by ventricular contraction & relaxation |
| ECG PAPER | The P-QRS-T sequence is recorded on special graph paper,vertical lines measure amplitude or voltage,Each small box represents 0.1 mV,determine amplitude of wave, segment or interval, count number of small boxes from the baseline to highest or lowest point |
| ECG PAPER CONT... | The horizontal lines measure time,Each small box equals 0.04 seconds,width of complexes and intervals are determined by the number of small boxes they extend over, then multiply by the time 0.04 |
| P-WAVE | The first deflection of the cardiac cycle Represents depolarization of the atria |
| QRS complex | Represents ventricular depolarization,Measured from the beginning of the QRS as the first wave leaves the baseline to the J point |
| ST SEGMENT | Represents the end of ventricular conduction |
| T-WAVE | Represents ventricular recovery or repolarization. |
| QT interval | Measures ventricular depolarization and repolarization. |
| U wave | RECOVERY PEROID OF PURKINJE FIBERS |
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