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Microscopes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ocular | 10x magnification |
| body tube | holds ocular at correct distance to focus |
| revolving nose piece | allows objectives to move |
| objectives | short-low power long-high power |
| stage | supports slide |
| stage clips | holds slide in place |
| base | supports scope |
| diaphragm | adjusts to regulate amount of light entering slide |
| light source | light source |
| course adjustment | big knob for finding specimen with in depth focusing, NOT for high power |
| fine adjustment | little knob for clear focusing |
| arm | where you hold scope to move it |
| Robert Hooke | used simple compound microscope to observe cells and other living things |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | used simple lenses to observe pond water, credited with microscope discovery |
| magnification of microscope | number of times it enlarges image |
| electron microscopes | use focused beams of electrons to magnify specimen, have up to 10,000,000X |
| scanning microscope | 3D surface view, 100,000X |
| transmission electron microscopes | 1,000,000X, electrons sent thru an extremely thin slice of sample |
| dissecting (stereo) (binocular) microscope | 40X, allows user to manipulate sample |
| compound light microscope | most common, 2 lenses to focus light, 1000X |
| parafocal | stays focused when objectives change, self focusing |
| resolution | how clear an image is |
| more magnification= | less resolution |
| field of view | width of viewing area thru objectives measured in um or microns |
| Cell theory (3) | 1. All living things made of cells 2. Cell is the basic unit of function+structure 3. All cells come from a previous cell |
| Robert Hooke | named cells |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | 1st to see living cells |
| Robert Brown | described nucleus, cells contain small structures |
| Stains | must stain/color cells to see them, otherwise they are clear |
| Matteis Scleiden | plants are made of cells |
| Teodor Schwann | all animals made of cells |
| Rudolph Virchow | cells come from other cells |
| Janet Plowe | cell membrane is a working structure, not just a barrier |
| James Watson & Francis Crick | structure of DNA in chromosomes |
| Lynn Marguilis | certain organelles were once free living cells that now have a symbiotic relationship inside other cells, endo-symbiosis |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Bacterial cells, single celled organisms, first living organisms, cell wall + Nucleoid, NO nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, significantly smaller ribosomes |
| Eukaryotic Cell | plants +animals+fungi, have nucleus, don't have cell walls |
| Organelle | subunit of cell, accomplishes a specific function, in cytoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | inside of cell, contains many organelles, chemical reactions take place here |
| Cell Membrane | give cell shape, determines what enters and leaves the cell, separates cell from outside |
| Nucleus | holds DNA, control center of cell |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | outside heads hydrophillic, inward facing tails hydrophobic, proteins embedded in bilayer and help transport substances across it |
| Cell Wall | supports and protects the cell, made of cellulose |
| Central Vacuoles | contains water, toxins, waste and enzymes |
| Vesicles | detach and carry material in and out of cell, shuttles in the cell, small portion of the plasma membrane |
| Lysosomes | use digestive enzymes to break down cellular debris and waste |
| Mitochondria | energy factory of cell, makes energy from glucose |
| Turgor Pressure | force of water against the cell wall, causes certain plants like celery to be rigid |
| Plasmolysis | shrinking of cytoplasm, separation of cell from cell wall, cells shriveling up and dying |
| Chloroplast | gives plant color, makes sugar from sunlight and converts it to energy, photosynthesis |
| Ribosomes | makes proteins |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | exports proteins, contains ribosomes that make proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | makes lipids and steroids (hormones) |
| Nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | exports molecules from cell, makes lysosomes, sorts modifies and packages proteins |
| Centrioles | provide scaffold that is required for cell division |
| Cytoskeleton | supports structure of cell |
| Passive Transport | Cell does not use energy, where molecules move determent by concentration gradient, molecules move from high to low concentration: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
| Diffusion | random movement of molecules from high to low concentration through the membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane |
| Transport Proteins | in membrane, only let specific molecules pass through, transport larger or charged molecules |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Active Transport | cell uses energy, molecules move against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration: protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Protein Pumps | transport proteins that require energy to do work |
| Endocytosis | moving large molecules into the cell, the cell membrane fords around the molecule and "eats it", forming a food vacuole that digests it |
| Exocytosis | moving large molecules of waste out of the cell, membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, cell changes shape |
| Hypotonic | The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell (cell grows and bursts) |
| Hypertonic | The solution has a higher concentration of solute that the cell (cell shrivels and shrinks) |
| Isotonic | The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell (cell stays same size) |
| Unicellular | Have 1 cell |
| Multicellular | Have more than one cell |
| Cell Specialization | each cell has a defined role that helps the organism survive |
| Virus | particles that are not living. Enter cells take them over to replicate and kill your cells |
| Antigen | foreign substance that stimulates your immune system. A tag that your body can recognize |
| Pathogen | organisms that attempt to infect you, bacteria and viruses |
| Antibodies | proteins that bind to antigens, coating the pathogen. Eater cells eat them |
| Immune system is responsible | for protecting you from all the bacteria and viruses that you encounter |
| What is the first step to immune system? | the B-Cell recognizes an antigen of a pathogen |
| What tells the B Cell its ok? | The T-cell |
| What does a B Cell split into? | a plasma cell and memory cell |
| Plasma Cell | makes antibodies, coats pathogen |
| Memory Cell | stay in your body your whole life, activate when they see the old pathogen |
| Eating cells | eat pathogens coated in antibodies |
| What are ID tags made of? | Carbohydrates |
| Chanel proteins | allow molecules to pass freely |
| Carrier proteins | combine molecules and help them get across, change shape to allow molecules in and out, ex: glucose |
| Marker Protein | identifies specific chemical sequence on outsides of cells, including carbs |
| Receptor Protein | let specific molecules bind to it, how cells communicate with the outside, allows cell to see and feel what's going on outside and react accordingly, hormones bind to receptors to communicate with cells |
| Concentration Gradient | different concentrations on both sides of the membrane, determine molecule movement (high to low concentration) |
| Leucoplasts | make startch in roots, plant cells |
| Nuclear Envelope | contains the nucleus |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | the plasma membrane, this means it's not a solid structure but the parts can move |
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unknownstudent
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