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Microtest2.0
CU microbiology test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the growth requirements for Fungi concerning air/oxygen, nutrition, and pH requirements | All fungi are aerobic, saprophytic, and like low pH |
| What is saprophytic. . . | any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria |
| Morphology: Growth in filaments, what are the filaments called, singular v plural? plural v many? | called hypha (one strand)- plural=hyphae. many hyphae = mycelium |
| nonseptae fungi: | no division of cell walls |
| septate fungi: | division of cell walls |
| reproduction of fungi | fungi reproduce by spores (countless possibilities). such include, asexual, sexual types |
| Asexual reproduction of fungi | Sporangiospore, conidiospore, chalamydospore, bastospore. |
| Sexual reproduction of fungi | ascospore, basidiospore, zygospore. |
| Asexual reproduction: sporangiospore. | spores inside the sac. |
| Asexual reproduction: conidiospores (organisms too) | no sac, on the outside of bud..... common though mainly: penicillium and aspergillus form these |
| Asexual reproduction: chlamydospore | form in the hypha |
| Asexual reproduction: blastospore | cant tell the difference between budding and blastospore |
| Sexual reproduction: ascospore | spur inside a sac that are caused by sexual hypha come togeather. |
| Haploid | one set of chromosomes |
| diploid | two sets of chromosomes |
| Meiosis | creats from one pair of chromosomes four sets of haploid gamets |
| sexual reproduction: basidiospore | four spores (four gametes) end of the hypha |
| sexual reproduction: zygospore | two hypha come together. They form some sort of extention that comes together and forms a spur or a zygospore |
| Classification of Fungi: What are the four types of fungi? | Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, deuteromycetes |
| Classification of Fungi: Ascomycetes | Are, asexual spores, usually a canidiospore but others are used. sexual spores are only ascospores EX> Saccharomyces (a yeast that produces ascospore) |
| Classification of Fungi: Basidiomycetes | Asexual spores-many sexual spores-basidiospore EX>mushrooms, amanita (poisonous) and aguricus (edible) |
| Rust .... plant pathogens | wheat rust and cedar-apple rust under basidiomycetes |
| Classification of Fungi: Zygomycetes | Sexual spore: zygospore EX> Rhizopus (underlined) black bread mold and mazir? |
| Classification of Fungi: Deuteromycetes | asexual - many sexual - none if sexual spore is discovered it is reclassified. medically important EX> Aspergillus-carnidiospores - (A. Flavus big carcinogen) EX>Penicillum- carnidiospos EX> canida - yeast (-infection?) Fungus balls: mold in lung |
| Viruses: Criteria for classification | Type of nucleic acid - DNA or RNA Symmetry- 1 Helical (coil, basic) 2 cuboidal - (cube, pyramid, circle, polysided)3binal (head w/ a tail) Diameter of capsid & # capsomeres in cuboid existence of envelope around capsid |
| Capsid | protein coat around DNA or RNA |
| Capsomere | Sub-unit of capsid |
| Example of viruses: they are divided in what or by what? | Animals including humans (organisms they effect), plant viruses, and bacterial viruses |
| Animal viruses:include what? | poxvirus, myxovirus,herpes virus, picorna virus, tetro virus, pilo virus |
| Animal viruses: poxvirus | brick shaped viruses NOt CHicken pox EX> Small pox |
| Animal viruses: Myxovirus | spherical viruses Influenza (vaccination) Measles (vaccination) Rabies Neurotropid- nerve cells, foaming at mouth, cant swallow |
| Animal viruses: Herpes virus (lots) | Spherical, contains DNA EX>Herpes simplex - cold sores EX>Herpes Zoster - Chicken pox - shingles EX>Epstein-barr viirus can cause Burkitt's lymphome (bad cancer in africa)and or mono |
| Animal viruses:Herpes virus: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | Mono, and Burkitt's lymphome = terrible cancer |
| Animal viruses:Picorna virus | has RNA: spherical EX> polio- pres roosevelt EX> rhino virus - common cold (nose) |
| Animal viruses: retro virus | Central dogma of biology - DNA-RNA- Protein (regular). virus causes RNA-DNA-RNA-Protein ASE enzyme ending causes an extra step. FeLV- Feline leukemia Virus HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus |
| Plant Viruses (1) and describe it. | Tobacco mosaic virus. Helical structure. Core RNA. Infects tomato and tobacco (spots on the leaves) |
| Bacterial viruses: go through the cycle ending with lyses | Normal cell cycle, infection, absorption, injection, latent period, eclipse period, rise period, lysis and it thus continues. |
| Bacterial viruses: go through cycle including lysogenic cycle | Normal cell cycle, infection, absorbion, injection, Lysogenic cycle significant because virus becomes prophage(for who knows how long), induction (virus DNA becomes virulent), latent period, eclipse period, rise period, lysis.... infection. |
| How long does each period last in the cycle? | Latent period-30 min eclipse period-20 min rise period-10 min |
| bacterial viruses: structure | Has a head, and tail. head contains, DNA and protein coat Tail contains, tailcore, tail sheeth, and tail fibers. (tail fibers grab on to host and cause the step in the cycle, absorption) |
| Lysis | bacteria blows up, releasing up to 100 bacteria at a time |
| induction is caused by what? | uv light or enviornmental stress |
| Control of microorganisms. | Doesnt necessarely mean kill, but find a way to control killing due to protein denaturing |
| humans and animals dont have lysis, they have... | budding. virus comes down, infects cell, lots of viruses are then created, viruses escape and dont kill cell. Cell repairs itself after all viruses are gone. |
| Control of microorganisms: physical ways would be | heat, Low temperature, drying, radiation, osmotic pressure |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: types of... | Moist heat, autoclaving, fractional sterilization, pasteurization, dry heat |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: Moist heat | THe presence of water aiids in heat transfer. |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: Autoclaving | 121 degrees C for 15 min - poiling point of water is 121 degrees C @ 15lbs/in^2. The thermol death point (TDP) of spors of Clostridium botulium is 121 |
| THermal death point TDP | temperature @ which all organisms will be killed in 10 min |
| THermal death time TDT | Time required to kill all at specific temperature |
| Decimal reduction time | time required to kill 90% of cells @ a given temperature. Time resulting in 10% survival |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: Fractional Sterilization | day 1:100 degrees C for 30 min. kills vegetative cells, doesnn't kill spores Day 2: 100 degrees C for 30 min - Kills rest of vegetative cells and most of spores |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: Pasteurization | 62.8 degrees C for 30 min- Kills microbacterium tuberculerusis. |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: HEAT: Dry Heat | Over or at 160 degrees C for 1 hr (only for dry items) |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: Radiation, types of | Ultraviolet and Ionizing radiation |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: Radiation: Ultraviolet | Damages DNA, Causes Thylamine to dimers (two thylamines "fuse" together). Causes misreading of code, a mutation or growth. UV light doesn't penetrate very far, goes through air but not glass |
| Control of microorganisms: physical: Osmotic pressure (1) | Salt is a preservative so it drys out the cell |
| Disinfectant | This kills cells of pathogens |
| germocide | this is same as disinfectant |
| Antiseptic | this stops growth of cells, not death. Such as mouth wash |
| Phenol coefficient | phenol will kill just about everything. Thus comparing a disinfectant will give a good judge. P.C. = (Dilution of TEst)/(Dilution of phenol).... Killing time must be between 5-10 min. PC > 1 test is better. PC < 1 phenol is better |
| phenol coefficient equation | (Dilution of test)/(dilution of phenol) |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical, examples of | Alcohols, halogens, heavy metals, detergents, |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical:Alcohols | dehydrate precipitate proteins |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical:halogens | oxidize proteins. Cl oxidizes anything Sodium hypochlorate - clorox |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical: Heavy Metals | Pb, Ag, Au, Hg, } all attach to -SA gropu of protien and mess up structure of protein, |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical:detergents (soap) what are the two types | anionic and cationic types of this controle |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical: Detergents (soap): Anionic | creates a carbon chain that has a nonpolar end and a polar end, when water goes down the drain it pulls the plolar end down which is attached to the non polar end connected in the dirt or cell. is a surface active agent, no surface tension. |
| Control of microorganisms: Chemical: Detergents (soap): Cationic | more effective in causing leaky cells examples of??????? |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: define | A chemical produced by a microorganism, which, in dilute solutions, kills other microorganisms. |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: EX> X3 | penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenical |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: EX> Penicillin | Penicillin - Penicillium notaturs - canidiospores, deuteromycetes -inhibits petidoglycon synthesis -kills G+ |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: EX> streptomycets | 2. streptomycin (origin fungi) -acid fast, combines with mRNA to cause misreading of DNA code makes it illegible |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: EX> tetracycline | streptomycets species prevents mRNA from binding to ribosome |
| Control of microorganisms: Antibiotics: EX> Chloramphenical | streptomyces species that bindes to ribosomes |
| streptomycets | many antibiotics found in streptomycenes, interfere with DNA>RNA>protein |
| Criteria for selecting a new antibiotic. X4 | 1 broad spectrome - kills many types of bacteria 2 minimum toxicity to humans 3 cost 4 ease of transport through the body |
| infectious disease | disease caused by a microorganism |
| endemic | disease occurs constantly (common cold) |
| Epademic | disease has higher than normal rate of occurance, causes concern |
| Pandemic | disease covers a large geographical area |
| virulence | the microorganisms ability to infect |
| Disease transformation: Methods of transmition, examples of. | enters through any opening in your body, -food -air -water -insects -direct contact -formites (inanimate object) |
| Disease transformation:Toxins, types of | endotoxins and exotoxins |
| Disease transformation: exoToxins: endotoxins, definition and types of | proteinwhich diffuses away from bacerial cell in order to infect by difusing into your body, usually from G+ Botalin, enerotoxin, nemolysins, cytotoxins |
| Disease transformation: exoToxins:Botalin | Clostridium botalinum; neurotoxin- affects nerve cells. 1g will kill 10 million ppl |
| Disease transformation: exoToxins: enerotoxin | affects intestine G+ Staphylococcus aureus (not all produce toxin) |
| Disease transformation: exoToxins: Nemolysins | Affects Blood cells: 'alpha'- hemolysis (partial). 'beta'- same. 'Gamma' no hemolysis Streptococcus pyogeus (strept throat) |
| Disease transformation: exoToxins: Cytotoxins | kills several types of cells. Crynbacerium diphtherne- throat, blood heart |
| Disease transformation: endotoxins: | E. coli Met-Thr+ E. coli Met+ Thr-. Remains in bacterial cell, released when the cell dies, mostly G- |
| Immunology - types of | Natural resistance, white blood cells, interferan, complement, acquired immunity, |
| Immunology: Natural resistance | age, race, gender, nutrition |
| Immunology: White Blood Cells | Ingest invading bacteria |
| Immunology: Interference | stops virus action- protein in blood innterferes |
| Immunology: Complement | amixture of 11 or 20 proteins. causes lysis of cells |
| Immunology: acquired immunity: types of | Antigen, antibody, active immunity, passive immunity |
| Immunology: acquired immunity: antigen | any substance when introduced to the body causes the body to produce antibodies |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:antibody | a protein, produced in responce to an antigen |
| Immunology: acquired immunity: active immunity (X2) | active immunity- introduction of antigen- you make antibody. either natural- have had the disease, know antibody or artificial - injection of antigen |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:passive immunity | injection of antibodies |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:types of antibody reactions | agglutination, complement fixation, fluorescent antibody |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:types of antibody reactions: agglutinatoin | the clumping or "glu"ing of bacteria so that bacteria is ineffective and easy to get rid of. |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:types of antibody reactions: complement fixation | antigen, plus antibody, plus complement -> lysis of baceria |
| Immunology: acquired immunity:types of antibody reactions: fluorescent antibody | ..... idk |
Created by:
jseekins
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