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Muscles
Muscle Tissues / Muscle Actions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fascia | connective tissue |
| -attaches to fascia -striated under scope -voluntary control | skeletal |
| -appears striated but is not -involuntary control -autorhythmic = built in pacemaker | cardiac |
| -attached to hair follicles in skin -in walls of hollow orgs (BV's & GI) -appear nonstriated -involuntary | smooth |
| epimysium | connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle |
| perimysium | connective tissue surrounding bundles (fascicles) |
| endomysium | connective tissue that separates individual muscle cells |
| Connective tissues that extend beyond muscle belly to form tendon | endomysium, perimysium, epimysium Smallest ---> biggest |
| Muscle cells have > ____ Nucleus | 1 |
| Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane |
| T tubules | -tiny invaginations of sarcolemma that spread muscle action to all parts of muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasm contains: | -glycogen for energy production -myoglobin for O2 storage |
| Sarcomere | basic unit of contraction |
| Z disc | boundary between sarcomeres |
| Thin filaments (actin) | extend from Z disc toward center of sarcomere |
| Thick filaments (myosin) | -center of sarcomere -overlap ends of thin filaments |
| ______ filaments contain ATPase enzymes | Thick |
| _____ bands run full length of thick filament | A bands |
| _____ bands include inner end of thin filaments | A bands |
| _____ is the center part of A band where no thin filaments occur. | H zone |
| The center of the H zone | M line |
| Contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments together | M line |
| Region with only thin filaments | I band |
| Lies within 2 adjacent sarcomeres | I band |
| myofibril | muscle fiber |
| 3 proteins that make up myofibril | -contractile proteins -regulatory proteins (turn contraction on & off) -structural (provide alignment, elasticity, & extensibility) - |
| contractile proteins: | myosin and actin |
| regulatory proteins: | troponin and tropomyosin |
| structural proteins: | titin, myomesin, nebulin, dystrophin |
| Covers actin binding sites to prevent union with myosin cross bridges | tropomyosin |
| Binds with tropomyosin, actin, and Ca | troponin |
| Tropomyosin slips away from blocking position to allow _____ and ______ to interact for muscle contraction. | actin and myosin |
| is sarcoplasmic Ca++ high or low in relaxed state? | low |
| myosin heads energized or de-energized in relaxed state? | energized |
| Cross bridges engaged or disengaged from actin in relaxed state? | disengaged |
| Is like smooth ER | SR |
| Myosin heads attach to active sites on ____ | actin |
| ______ allows cross bridge attachment then separates from myoosin head | ADP + P |
| ______ binds to myosin heads and allows cross bridges to detach from actin | ATP |
| ______ hydrolyzes attached ATP on myosin head and recocks. | ATPase |
| rigormortis = no more ____ to release myosin heads | ATP |
| Link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix | Structural proteins |
| Anchors M line to Z disc -can stretch 4x -role in recovery from stretching | titin |
| Length of _____ before contraction determines______ and ________ | length of sarcomeres determines force -also determines tention of tetanus |
| NMJ | myoneural junction = where end of axon nears surface of muscle fiber. |
| Synaptic vessicles containing ACh located in ______ | end bulbs |
| ______ contains ACh receptors (30 million) | motor end plate |
| muscle action potential travels along cell through _____ | T tubules |
| Na+ enters muscle cell through _____ | gated ion channels |
| ACh opens ______ to allow Na+ into the muscle cell. | gated ion channels |
| _______ breaks down ACh attached to _____on ________ to cease muscle action potential. | Acetacholinesterase, receptors, motor end plate |
| SR ATP lasts for: | a few seconds |
| Sources of ATP production in muscle: | -creatine phosphate -anaerobic respiration -aerobic respiration |
| _____ can supply max power for 15 secs without glycolysis. Used for short bursts of max energy e.g. 100meter dash. | creatine phosphate and ATP |
| Source of ATP that is unique to muscle fibers. Eliminates need for glycolysis. | creatine phosphate |
| -Anaerobic glycolysis. -Provides ATP for 30-40 secs of max activity. -Produces ____ ATP | Anaerobic cellular respiration 2 ATP |
| Kicks in after 30 secs of max activity. Provides ____% of ATP energy for ____minutes or more. Almost 100% after long periods of exercise. | Aerobic cellular respiration |
| stimulus applied before relaxation = stronger | wave summation |
| > 1 wave summation | multiple wave summation or unfused tetanus |
| sustained smooth contraction | fused tetanus |
| maintains posture(firm but relaxed) no movement maintains blood pressure involuntary small # of motor units (active/inactive) | muscle tone |
| A load is moved | isotonic contraction |
| Muscle shortens to produce force (lifting up) | concentric |
| muscle lengthens while maintaing force (letting down) | eccentric |
| no movement No movement -tension generated -maintaing posture and supporting objects in fixed position | isometric contraction |
| Muscle Fibers: prolonged sustained contractions for maintaing posture | Slow oxidative (slow twitch) |
| Muscle Fibers: split ATP quickly; walking & sprinting | Fast oxidative - glycolytic (fast twitch A) |
| Muscle Fibers: anaerobic movements for short duration - weight lifting | Fast glycolytic (Fast twitch B) |
| 2 types of smooth muscle | visceral (single unit w/ gap junctions) - contract in unison Multi unit -individual fibers with own neuron |
| ______ muscle lacks sarcomeres. Has intermediate filaments & dense bodies. Twists into helix. | smooth |
| ______ muscle has no troponin. Uses CALMODULIN | smooth |
| Distensible | constant tension |
| Muscle Regeneration -skeletal -cardiac -smooth | -skeletal stops after 1st year -cardiac 1% @ 25 -smooth can regenerate by size (hyperatrophy) and division (hyperplasia) |
| Autoimmune disorder that blocks ACh @ NMJ in women. Steroids can help. | Myasthenia Gravis |
| Musc. Dys. | Inherited muscle destroying - tears sarcolemma, X chromosome in males, produces atrophy |
| Voluntarily controlled muscles | muscular system |
| Origin | bone that does not move |
| Insertion | Bone that moves |
| Rigid structure that moves around fixed point | lever (bones) |
| the fixed point | fulcrum (joints) |
| resistance | load that opposes movement |
| effort | causes movement (muscles) |
| Leverage | mech advantage gained by lever. allows ROM |
| attachement farther from joint | produces more force |
| attachment closer to joint | greater ROM and speed |
| 1st class lever | Head Weight of face = L skull/atlas joint = F Contracting post neck muscles = E |
| 2nd class lever | calcaneal tendon Body weight = L Ball of foot = F Contraction of Calf Muscles = E |
| 3rd class lever | Most common, favors speed & ROM Flexors at elbow: Weight in hand = R Elbow joint = F Contraction of biceps = E |
| Fascicular Arrangement | compromise between power and ROM |
| Prime mover / agonist | contracts |
| antagonist | stretches |
| synergists | stabilize joints |
| fixators | stabilize origin of agonist |
| brachi | located on arm |
| toid | triangular |
| Maximus, Minimus, Longus | Size |
| rectus | vertical direction |
| transversus | horizontal direction |
| Controls facial expressions | Facial nerve (VII) |
| closes the eye | orbicularis occuli |
| puckers mouth | orbicularis oris |
| forms muscular portion of cheek | buccinator |
| Innervate 6 muscles of eye | Cranial Nerves 3,4,6 |
| 6 muscles of eye | 4 rectus 2 obliques (sup on bottom, inf on top!) |
| Protracts, elevates, or retracts mandible | masseter, temporalis, & pterygoids |
| muscles that move tongue | genioglossus styloglossus palatoglossus hyoglossus |
| sternocleidomastoid | contraction of both flexes vertebral column and extends head contraction of 1 laterally flexes neck and rotates face in opposite direction. |
| stabilizes pectoral girdle (3 ant. 3 post.) | Anterior: 1.subclavicus 2.pectoralis minor 3.serratus anterior Posterior 1. trapezius 2. levator scapulae 3. rhomboideus |
| Rotator cuff | 1. supraspinatous 2. infraspinatous 3. subscapularis 4. teres minor |
| Flexors of forearm | 1. biceps brachii 2. brachialis 3. brachioradialis |
| Extensors of forearm | 1. Triceps brachii 2. Anconeus (assists tri in elbow ext) |
| extensor digitorium | all fingers |
| extensor pollicis | thumbs |
| extensor indicis | index finger |
| Tough connective tissue band that helps hole tendons in place | Retinaculum |
| Vertebrae movers: Erector spinae groupings (3) | 1. spinalis 2. iliocostalis 3. longissimus |
| Vertebrae movers: smaller deeper muscles | Transversospinalis: 1. semispinalis 2. multifidis 3. rotatores |
| Scalene muscle group | located under sternocleidomastoid -attach cervical to upper ribs -flex, laterally flex & rotate |
| Hip joint muscles | iliopsoas = flexes hip (psoas major & iliacus) Quadriceps femoris = 4 heads -rectus femoris x hip -3 others from femur -together all 4 extend knee Adductor muscles |
| Thigh adductors (5) | -pectineus -adductor longus -adductor brevis -gracilis -adductor magnus (hip extensor) |
| Butt & Thigh Muscles | Gluteus Max, medius, mimimus Hamstring: -semimembranosus (medial) -semitendinosus (medial) -biceps femoris (lateral) Extend hip and flex knee. |
| Calf muscles - 3(posterior) | Gastrocnemius (femur) = flexes knee and ankle Plantaris (leg) = flex ankle Soleus (leg) = flex ankle |
| Anterior compartment of leg (3) | Extensors of ankle & toes: -tibialis anterior -extensor digitorum longus -extensor hallucus longus (big toe) |
| Lateral compartment of leg (1) | peroneus |
Created by:
ruffmasa
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