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Bio 252 Lec Exam 1
Bio 252 Lecture Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens to excess fluid that leaks out of capillary beds into interstitial spaces? | It is picked up by the lymphatic system. |
| Where does the fluid return to the blood stream? | through the right subclavian or the thoracic duct(on the left). |
| Does the lymphatic system also transport fats from digestive organs into the blood stream? | yes |
| What do you call the clar watery fluid transported by the lymphatic system? | lymph (which is a form of plasma) |
| What are the three major functions of the lymphatic system? | 1.to collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma protein to the blood(maintain fluid balance) 2.defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes 3. absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood. |
| Where do you find lymphatic capillaries? | in the interstitial spaces of most tissues |
| How big are lymphatic capillaries? | same size as blood capillaries. |
| What is the purpose of the unique structure of lymphatic capillaries which includes anchoring filaments on either side of "holes"? | The endothelium of lymphatic capillaries can compress to create big gaping holes. The anchoring filaments add stability. |
| Are lymphatic capillaries closed ended tubes? | yes |
| Is the lymphatic system symmetrical? | NO, very asymetrical |
| Why don't fats from the diet exit the intestines and enter blood capillaries? | because the molecules are too big to travel through blood capillaries and have to be moved by the lymphatic system. |
| What is the composition of lymph? | similar to plasma but lower in protien, comtains lipids from intestines as well as proteins and debris(invading cells, abnormal cells) from interstitial spaces (same electrolytes and formed elements) |
| What is the name of the largest vessel in the lymphatic system? | thoracic duct (or left thoracic duct) drains fluid from most of the body. Right lymphatic (subclavian) only drains fluid from right head, neck, arm and chest. |
| How does lymph move? | it used the action of skeletal muscles, respiratory movements(breathing motion), smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels and valves in lymphatic vessels |
| In a lymph node, where do you find b-cells and t-cells? | b-cells(and macrophages) are found on the outer edge and t-cells(and macrophages) are found in the middle. |
| How does lymph flow into a node? | through one or many afferent vessels |
| How does lymph flow out of a node? | through a single efferent (exit) vessel. |
| What do you call the outer covering of a lymph node? | capsule |
| What can be determined by an enlargement of a lymph node? | it is a sing of ACTIVE INFECTION |
| What types of things are found in an enlarged lymph node? | more WBC's because they are reproducing and the "junk" the node has trapped from the infection. |
| What is the funcion of lymph nodes? | Filter potentially harmful particles from lymph, immune surveillance by macrophages and lymphocytes, area of lymphocyte production |
| What do you call the region of lymph nodes in the neck? | cervical lymph nodes |
| What do you call the area of lymph nodes in the arm pit? | axillary lymph nodes |
| What do you call the area of lymph nodes of the groin? | inguinal lymph nodes |
| What do you call the one or two lymph nodes found above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, medial to the basilic vein. | The supratrochlear nodes |
| Describe the morphology of tonsils. | They are covered with epithelium, have open spaces called tonsiliar crypts which collect pathogens. The pathogens encounter lymphocytes once they get into the tonsilar crypts. |
| What are three areas where reticular connective tissue is found? | liver, lymph nodes, splee (solid organs) |
| What are the names of the three sets of tonsils discussed in class? | palatine, lingual, pharyngeal |
| Where are the palatine tonsils found? | the ones you can see in the mirror/in the oral cavity |
| Where are the lingual tonsils found? | they are pads of lymphatic tissue on the tongue just below the palatine tonsils |
| Where are the pharyngeal tonsils found? | they are not visible from the oral cavity. They are on the other side/above the soft palatte, posterior to the nasal cavity (includes a single tonsil called the adenoid on the wall of the pharynx) |
| What is diffuse lymphatic tissue? | they are spread throughout the body so that an invader will definitely encounter this tissue. Includes lymphocytes in mucus membranes and connective tissue of many organs. |
| What are lymphatic nodules? | dense oval masses scattered throughout the body, linked together by lymphatic vessels and contain lymphocytes which congregate in response to pathogens. |
| What is a peyer's patch? | aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine: the ileum. This distinguishes the ileum from other parts of the small intestine such as duodenum and jejunem. |
| What are the characteristics of the thymus? | it is large in children but small in adults, it is the location for the production and development of t-lymphocytes, and it secretes thymosins. It is located behind the sternum. |
| What are the characteristics of the spleen? | largest lymphatic organ, found in the UPPER LEFT abdominal quadrant, has sinuses filled with blood, white pulp contains lymphocytes, red pulp contains RBC's, lymphocytes and macrophages. |
| What is the function of the spleen? | it filters out and destroys RBC's, WBC's and platelets that are past their experation date. |
| Can you live without a spleen? | yes, but it will decrease your immune response |
| Does it take a lot of energy to produce an immune response? | yes |
| What is the term used to describe a disease causing agen such as bacteria or viruses? | pathogen |
| What are innate defenses? | the are also called non-specific defenses. They protect against many pathogens |
| How does the innate defense species resistance work? | a species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible. |
| Name 2 mechanical barriers included in the innate defenses. | skin, mucous membranes (both happen to also be the first line of defense) |
| What are adaptive defenses? | It is carried out by lymphocytes, it is more specific, takes atleast 2 weeks to respond and allows you to be prepared the next time you encounter the same pathogen. |
| What is in mucus that can combat invaders? | enzymes |
| How does natural biota act as a defense? | it competes with pathogens for space, nutrients and water. |
| What else is on the skin and can inhibit pathogens? | natural oils |
| How is fever an innate defense? | the higher temp can inhibit growth of some microbes, the heat increases phagocytic activity, it is part of the inflammatory response, the increase in temp also causes the body to sequester iron and zinc so microbes cannot use it. |
| At what temperature does a fever become damgerous? | 105 |
| Also part of the innate system, name 6 chemical barriers. | 1. enzymes in body fluids 2. pH extremes in stomach 3. high salt concentrations 4. nonspecific defense peptides 5. interferons 6. complement proteins |
| What are complement proteins? | they interract with other parts of the immune system, can kill cells, can be activated by antibodies or signals on cell walls. |
| Another innate defense, what are natural killer cells? | type of lymphocyte, cause lysis of viral infected cells and cancer cells. They can recognize the receptors on your own cells and activate apoptosis(cell suicide) |
| Another innate defense, what is involved with inflammation (a second line of defense)? | isolates damaged area to prevent spread of pathogens,triggers mast cells to rls chems that increases leakiness of capillaries and increases temp and attracts wbc's, blood vessels dilate,clots form, fibroblasts arrive, phagocytes activate |
| Define inflammation. | tissue response to injury (promotes healing) |
| Another innate defense is phagocytosis, what is involved? | neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages find foreign particles and engulf and digest them |
| What are the characteristics of adaptive defenses? | it produces resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic byproducts. It is based on the ability to distinguish self from non-self. It is the antigens that stimulate the immune response. |
| What are antigens? | structures or molecules that create an immune response. Includes proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids (most effective are large and complex molecules)(big foreign substances, lipids are too small) |
| Does collagen have antigens/markers? | no. It is not made of cells |
| What is an epitome? | a binding site. Each antigen can respond to multiple epitomes. |
| Why can rHogam ge given up to 72 hours after birth? | adaptive defenses are very, very slow |
| What does the term humoral mean? | it refers to body fluids |
| Do B-cells attack foreign substances? | NO, they make antibodies that attack foreign substances |
| What are the characteristics of T-cells? | they produce a cellular immune response. They secrete lymphokines, secrete toxins that kill cells, secrete growth inhibiting factors, secrete interferon. |
| What are the characteristics of B-Cells? | They produce the humoral immune response, they secrete proteins called antibodies. |
| What are MHC antigen complexes? | thay are markers on tissue that need to be matched for organ transplant. They are not found in blood. T-Cell recognize the MHC complex. |
| How do T-cells work? | they require an antigen presenting cell and MHC antigen complexes. There are three types of T-cells. |
| What are the three types of T-cells? | helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells and memory T-cells |
| Will only one type of antibody respond to one type of virus? | no, the antibodies can be made to different parts of the virus DNA so several types of antibodies can respond to the same virus. |
| Where do virus particles attach for a cold? | upper respiratory |
| Of the three types of T-cells, which two look for antigens on the surface of the cell? | helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. Memory cells wait for the next time the pathogen attacks. |
| What type of WBC's respond first? | phagocytes |
| How is a B cell activated? | a helper T-cell interracts with the b-cell and releases cytokines which activate the b-cell |
| How do phagoctyes signal helper T-cells? | they put MHC complex on their surface so a helper T-cell will come along and read it. |
| What stimulates b-cells to proliferate? | cytokines released by helper T-cells |
| What is the first step involved in triggering b-cells and cytotoxic t-cells to replicate? | The first b-cell or cytotoxic T-cell to find an invader. |
| Are they some b-cells in the body designed to attack pathogens to do not exist? | yes. |
| Where do memory T-cells come from? | some cytotoxic T-cells will become meory cells and will live a long time waiting for the same pathogen to attack again. |
| What is the "variable region" of an antigen binding site? | the space where the antigen will bind. |
| What is the "constant region" of an antigen binding site? | the stem of the antigen receptor |
| How to cytotoxic T-cells kill? | they trigger apoptosis which is a self destruct mechanism in the cell, then the cell kills itself |
| What are the 5 types of immunoglobulins? | 1. IgG 2. IgA 3. IgM 4. IgD 5. IgE |
| What are the characteristics of IgG? | most common type of antibody secreted into plasma and lymph. It is located in tissue fluid and plasma, activates complement proteins and defends against bacteria, viruses and toxins |
| What are the characteristics of IgA? | located in exocrine (e.g. mammory) gland secretions, defend against bacteria and viruses. Has a 2-Y shape. |
| What are the characteristics of IgM? | located in plasma, reactions with antigens on RBC's following certain blood transfusions, activates compement proteins against A/B blood cell markers causing clumping, BIG made of a ring of 5Y's with 10 binding sites. |
| What are the characteristics of IgD? | located on surface of most b-lymphocytes, plays a role in B-cell activation, it is more of a receptor than an antibody. |
| What are the characteristics of IgE? | it is located in exocrine gland secretions. It promotes inflammation and allergic reactions. It binds to mast cells and waits...it something sticks it triggers allergic reaction. |
| Do each b-lymphoytes have a unique binding site? | yes |
| How many types of antibody/antigen combinations do we have? | millions. More types of antibodies than genes in the human body. The process makes a lot of random combinations sometimes for pathogens that do not exist |
| Do memory cells need to be activated? | no, once they encounter the pathogen they can immediately begin making antibodies |
| What are antibodies? | made of protein, stick to things and change shape |
| What are the basic actions of antibodies? | agglutination, precipitation, neutralization and activation of complement |
| What happens to a virus with an antibody stuck to it? | a phagocyte will be triggered to eat it |
| What cells/substances do most of the killing? | phagocytes and complement proteins |
| How can a virus be neutralized? | the virus can be activated by antibodies sticking to its binding sites |
| Where are memory cells found? | in lymphatic tissue |
| Where do mast cells come from? | they develop in bone and then migrate to tissue |
| How do mast cells become primed? | they are primed by IgE antibodies |
| How do mast cells work in the immune response? | they bind to antigens in the second exposure then they release histamine which promotes swelling |
| naturally acquired active immunity: | immunity you made by having the disease (get sick, make anibodies) |
| artificially acquired active immunity: | vaccines |
| naturally acquired passive immunity: | breastfeeding (protects mouth, oral cavity and digestive tract) |
| artificially acquired passive immunity: | immunoglobulins administered medically (take preformed antibodies from one person and give to another person) |
Created by:
Merrill15888
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