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BSCI207 UMD
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| choanoflagellates | -closest to metazoans -choanoflagellates -> choanocytes -signaling and adhesion proteins -molecular sequencing |
| molecular clock approach | if mutation rate is constant, then difference should be proportional to phylogenetic divergence |
| Development Based Approach | -biogenetic law- ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
| Phylum Placozoa | -differentiated cell layers, each cell with a flagellum -central syncytium with skeletal, muscle, and nerve like functions -no true tissues -ciliary and amoeba like movement -no symmetry |
| Phylum Porifera | -largely sessile -filter feed -water canal system lined with choanocytes -no true tissues but several cell types -no gastrulation -skeleton of spongin and spicules (silica or calcium carbonate) -no symmetry -not monophyletic |
| Radiata | -Cnidaria and Ctenophora (phyla) -tissues:musculoepithelium and nerves -organs: nerve net and statocyst -chaotic, indeterminate cleavage -diploblastic -gastrulation: blastopore (mouth/anus) -radial symmetry -extra and intra cellular digestion -mes |
| Phylum Cnidaria | -jellies -marine predators (some fresh) -nematocysts formed by cnidocytes -2 adult forms: polyp or medusa -polypd form colonies -autotrophic endosymbionts |
| cnidocytes | stinging structures, sting with nematocysts |
| Phylum Cnetophora | -marine predators (mostly planktonic) -locomotion= 8 rows of ciliary plates -collocytes -pair of tentacles -paired anal pores -aboral statocyst -phylogenetic placement uncertain |
| collocytes | glue cells in cnetophora |
| Bilateria | -bilateral symmetry -anterior, posterior axis -triploblastic -anterior nerve center |
| Eubilateria | -all traits of bilateria -complete GI tract (mouth and anus) -coelom -excretory organs -brain with neuropil |
| heterochrony | evolutionary change due to alteration in the timing of developmental events |
| Paedomorphosis | descendant adult retains juvenile features of ancestor -neoteny, progenesis, postdisplacement |
| neoteny | paedomorphosis due to difference in rate |
| progenesis | paedomorphosis due to difference in duration |
| postdisplacement | paedomorphosis due to difference in onset |
| peramorphosis | descendant adult with exaggerated features of ancestral adult -acceleration, hypermorphosis, predisplacement |
| acceleration | peramorphosis due to difference in rate |
| hypermorphosis | peramorphosis due to difference in duration |
| predisplacement | peramorphosis due to difference in onset |
| hox gene | determines segmentation in embryonic development |
| Phylum Acoelomorpha | -no body cavity -anterior ganglion with longitudinal nerve cords -ventral mouth,blind gut -anterior mucus glands -hermaphroditic -bilateria placement controversial -ventral mouth |
| ventral | on abdomen |
| dorsal | on back |
| Metazoa | -animals -multicellular -early differentiation and inactivation of primordial germ cells -hox genes -collagen in extracellular matrix |
| germ cells | cells that become sex organs |
| organizing metazoans | functional organization, early development (cleavage, determinancy, gastrulation, developmental tissues), body cavities |
| tissues | groups of cells irreversibly specialized for a specific function |
| organs | groups of tissues with coordinated division of labor to make one structure |
| organ systems | groups of organs with division of labor |
| cleavage | -chaotic, spiral, or radial -mitosis without growth -type determined by mitotic spindle and cell adhesion -chaotic and radial are indeterminate -spiral is determinate -cell division synchronous in radial and spiral |
| determinate | fate of cell already determined |
| indeterminate | fate of cell not yet determined |
| protostomy | blastopore becomes mouth in gastrulation |
| deuterostomy | blastopore becomes anus in gastrulation |
| diploblasty | ectoderm and endoderm |
| triploblasty | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm |
| ectoderm | forms nervous system and skin |
| endoderm | digestive and respiratory systems |
| mesoderm | connective tissue, circulatory system |
| asymmetry | no body units |
| radial symmetry | -body units around central axis -weak motility if any -filter feeders, sit and wait predators, food-producing endosymbionts -diffuse sense organs -uncentralized nervous system -central mouth |
| bilateral symmetry | -2 body units~ reflected along central plane -distinct ventral and dorsal surfaces -head where sense organs, brain, and mouth are located |
| cephalization | appearance of a head |
| segmental symmetry | -common in animals with complex or powerful body movements -some benefit from multiple reproductive structures -increases features without evolving new ones |
| body cavity | internal fluid filled space between ectoderm and endoderm |
| acoelomate | no body cavity |
| pseudocoelom | primary body cavity, not lined by mesoderm |
| coelom | secondary body cavity lined with mesoderm/epithelial cells |
| mixocoel | cavity with some epithelium |
| schizocoely | -coelom formed by split in mesoderm -coelomate protostomes and vertebrates |
| enterocoely | -coelom formed by evagination of gut -deuterostomes except vertebrates |
| hydrostatic skeletons | -liquid water incompressible at bio relevant pressures -volume constant, but shape can vary -use muscle to transfer force and change shape |
| Muller's Ratchet | asexual species can suffer from extinction if deleterious mutations arise |
| sexual reproduction advantages | -new combinations allow survival -prevents Muller's ratchet |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | -acoelomate (coelom lost) -digestive system: blind gut, branched gastrovascular cavity -protonephridia -no respiratory or circulatory systems |
| blind gut | no anus |
| nephridia | primitive kidneys |
| protonephridia | dead end tubules, use osmosis |
| Lophotrochozoa | -trocophore larva (except lophophorates) -coelom -diverse organ systems -phylogenetic analysis of molecualr data |
| Phylum Annelida | -segmented, coelomate body plan -excretory: metanephridia -mostly marine, some terrestrial and fresh water |
| Phylum Mollusca | -body regions: mantle, foot, visceral mass -present (often reduced) coelom -shell=protein/chitin matrix with calcium carbonate -radula |
| radula | scraping, tongue-like organ |
| Lophophorata | -lophophore (filter feeding apparatus) -radial cleavage -various organ system development |
| Ecdysozoa | -external cuticle (secreted), shed during ecdysis for growth -ecdysis regulated by ecdysone in arthropods -no active cilia in adult -coelom reduced or absent -monophyly and relationships controversial |
| Phylum Nematoda | -round worms -collagen cuticle -eutely -no coelom -complete GI tract, triradial mouth, pharynx -nervous system:circumesophageal brain, dorsal and ventral nerve cords -no circulatory or respiratory -longitudinal muscles -species diversity |
| eutely | organism with fixed number of cells at maturity |
| Panarthropoda | -Tardigrada -Onychophora -Arthropoda |
| Phylum Tardigrada | -water bears -no antennae, simple eyes, 8 legs with claws -no jaws, stylets -segmental legs, cuticular plates, ventral CNS -no circulatory, respiratory, or excretory -pseudocoelom -marine, fresh, semi land -cryptobiosis |
| cryptobiosis | can shut down metabolism and live almost indefinitely |
| Phylum Onychophora | -velvet worms -antennae, eyes -segementally arranged legs, metanephridia, ventral CNS -mixocoel -oviviparous or viviparous -predators -mucus cannons |
| Phylum Arthropoda | -hexapods, crustaceans, myriapods, chelicerates -cuticle=chitin and protein -segmentation and jointed appendages -mixocoel |
| Deuterostomia | -blastopore=anus -radial cleavage -indeterminant cleavage -enterocoely |
| Phylum Hemichordata | -acorn worms, pterobranchs -marine, suspension feeders -pharyngeal slits -metanephric "kidney" -open circulatory with heart -nervous system- dorsal and ventral nerve cords -coelom |
| Phylum Echinodermata | -sea stars, sea lillies, sea urchins -suspension, predators, herbivores -adult=pentaradial symmetry, larva=bilateral symmetry -water vascular system; podia -nerve ring and radial nerve cords -no excretory -dermal gills |
| Phylum Chordata | -notochord -pharyngeal slits -dorsal hollow nerve cord -post anal tail |
| notochord | becomes spinal column |
| dorsal hollow nerve cord | becomes brain and spinal cord |
| microevolution | -population level over ecological time -selection determines which traits exist -creative process=mutation -destructive process=natural selection |
| macroevolution | -over species level at geological time -historical contingency determines what persists -creative process=speciation or cladogenesis -destructive process= lineage sorting or extinction |
| mutation | -microevolution -new alleles by changes in DNA |
| immigration | -microevolution -intro of new allele by member of different population |
| genetic drift | -microevolution -change in frequency of alleles due to random effects |
| natural selection | -microevolution -change in frequency of alleles due to survival and reproduction success |
| hierarchical view of macroevolution | -origin and extinction of clades modeled by random process -Gambler's Ruin Model ($10, heads or tails gains or loses) -most clades don't survive long -extinction=inevitable -change in diversity of clades over geological time modeled as random process |
| carpel | -female organ of flower -stigma, style, and ovary |
| sepal | leaf like organ, protects floral bud |
| petal | colored organ for attracting pollinators |
| stamen | -male organ for producing pollen -anther and filament |
| vascular cambium | gives rise to xylem on inside and phloem on outside |
| cork cambium | gives rise to cork (bark) |
| monocots | -monophyletic -one cotyledon -scattered vascular tissue -parallel veins -petals in 3 |
| cotyledon | seed leaf |
| dicots | -paraphyletic (eudicots and dicots) -2 cotyledon -vascular tissue in circle -branching veins -petals in 4 or 5 |
| plant tissues | -epidermal -ground -vascular |
| parenchyma | undifferentiated cells with one wall |
| totipotency | ability to totally differentiate |
| pluripotency | ability to differentiate to a certain type |
| apical meristem | increase length |
| lateral meristem | increase girth |
Created by:
Nez91
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