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cardiovascular/respi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the process of ventilation | Movement of air in and out of lungs, and it is the process by which gases are exchangged in the repiratory system |
| Three common causes of hyperventilation | anxiety, hypoxia, fever, pain and salicylate toxicity |
| Define hypoventiliation | decreased ability to ventilate the lungs and provide adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Two common causes of hypoventilation | Depression of the respiratory center either by drug overdose, or COPD |
| COPD-Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by | air trapping in the alveoli, thus decreasing the exchange of gases |
| Define hypoxia- | decreased supply of oxygen to the tissues |
| Define hypoxemia | a decreased level of oxygen in the blood |
| Define hypercapnia and how it develops | develops because ventilatoin is insufficient to remove CO2, hypercapnia is increased CO2 |
| If hypoventilation is not corrected which condition develops | Respiratory acidosis which is a state of carbonic acid excess PaCO2 > 40mmHG in the blood |
| Nursing interventions for preventing hypoventilation-respiratory acidosis | Encouraging coughing and deep breathing, turning frequently and administering o2 as ordered |
| What is ventilationn-perfusion ratio? | Adequate Ventilation(gasses are moved into and out of the lungs)-perfusion(amount of blood flow thru the pulmonary capillaries) ratio -Equally matched is considered normal |
| pathophysicological changes that can affect oxygenation | Impaired of blood flow, failure of heart to pump, decrease in blood volume, any conditon that decreases the number of rbc's or Hg will cause an alteration of oxygen-carring ability of the hemoglobin. |
| Common risk factors associated with cardiovascular or pulmonary problems | Tobbaco use, cigarette smoking, diet hing in fat and cholesterol, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are common, modifiable |
| how can an individual's occupation predispose the person to a cardovascular or respiratory condition. | A job environment that exposes to fumes, toxins, chemicals, allergens, not enough aerobic exercise |
| Describe altered breathing pattern of Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Cheyne-Stokes rythimic increasing and then decreasing depth of repirations followed by apnea |
| Describe altered breathing pattern of Kusmaul's respirations. | Kusmaul's repirations are rapid, deep respirations(hyperventilation) metabolic acidosis |
| What are the three normal breath sounds | vesicular, bronchial and bronchovesicular |
| Describe vesicluar breath sounds | Are auuscultate over all the lung fields with the exception of major brochi. They are quiet, soft and low pitched. |
| Describe brochial breath sounds | Bronchial are loud, high pitch, located over the trachea. |
| Describe bronchovesicular breath sounds | Breath sounds are medium pitch and intesity , they are heard over the first and second intercostal spaces, close to the sternal border and also between the scapulae |
| Describe crackles | fine, high-pitched sounds present upon inspiration. They indicate fluid in small airways or collapse of small airway, |
| Crackles indicate the development of | atelectasis, pneumonia, or CHF |
| Describe Rhonchi | heard upon expiration, are low pitched sounds that indicate a larger airway obstruction with fluid. |
| Rhonchi is usually present in .... | COPD and pneumonia |
| Describe wheezes | occur upon inspiration or expiration, and they are of high pitch and musical in nature. the presence of wheezing indicates that air is moving through narrowed airways |
| Common causes of wheezes include | asthma, COPD and presence of a foreign body. Any condition that causes bronchospasms can cause wheezing. |
| A child with asthma, notes presence of intercostal retraction and the use of accessory muscles. What is the patient's respiratory status | Severe respiratory distress |
| The nurse is assessing the chest diameter of a patient with emphysema. What would be an expected assessment findings | A barrel chest develops in emphysema. a AP diameter of the chest, is caused by overexpansion of the lungs. |
| What clinical manifestation are typically the earliest indicators of the development of hypoxia | Frequently subltle change in behavior, anxious, irritable, or restlessness, difficulty speaking, confusion priority for the nurse would be to check the oxygen saturations. |
| What is the significance of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to a patient's respiratory status | Provides dat that indicate the number of RBC's availiable to carry hemoglobin and the amount of hemoglobin available to carry oxygen to body tissues. |
| Why would you obtain an ABG for patient with a respiratory status. | ABG'S measure the blodds pH, o2, CO2, in arterial blood to detemine the acid-base balance of body and the need for O2 therapy, and effectivenes of Mech. ventilation |
| For accurate results when should the nurse collect sputum? | 3 consecutive mornings sputums |
| Acute Coronary Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction define | is an emergent situation characterized by an acute onset of myocardial ischemia that results in myocardial death |
| Is a reduced blood flow in a coronary arter, often due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, but the artery is not completly occluded | Unstable angina |
| Define Vasospasm | sudden contriction or narrowing |
| Clinical manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndrome-primary presenting symptom | Chest pain that occurs suddenly and continues despite rest and medication |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is caused primarily by | atherosclerosis |
| CAD is Characterized by | chest pain, ischemic ST-segment and T-wave changes, elevated levels of biomarkers of myocyte injury, and transient left ventricular apical ballooning, after emotional or physical stress |
| Patients should be informed about the benefits of a ......... diet | low-cholesterol, low-salt |
| Mneumonic ABCDE stands for what education in helping patients with CAD | • A = Aspirin and antianginals • B = Beta blockers and blood pressure (BP) • C = Cholesterol and cigarettes • D = Diet and diabetes • E = Exercise and education |
| Variant angina aka .......anginia occurs primarily at rest, is triggered by smoking, and is thought to be due to coronary vasospasm. | (Prinzmetal angina) |
| Complications of ...... include pulmonary edema, while those of myocardial infarction include rupture of the papillary muscle, left ventricular free wall, and ventricular septum | ischemia |
| In the emergency setting,.....is the most important ED diagnostic test for angina | ECG |
| Changes that may be seen during anginal episodes include | • Transient ST-segment elevations Dynamic T-wave changes - Inversions, normalizations, or hyperacute changes ST depressions - May be junctional, downsloping, or horizontal |
| ........ the isoenzyme specific to the heart muscle | CK-MB |
Created by:
jensen1106
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