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bio110 king
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the subatomic particles? | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| What is the density of water? | 3.98 degrees celcius |
| Where are the protons located? | within the nucleus |
| Where are the neutrons located? | within the nucleus |
| where are the electrons located? | in the electron shell |
| ATOMS ARE SMALL AND MOST OF THE ________ IS EMPTY SPACE | Volume |
| What is the atomic number? | Protons(+) |
| what is the atomic weight or mass? | Protons(+) PLUS Neutrons(0) |
| atoms are _____ in charge | neutral |
| 12 6 CARBON | 12= atomic mass 6=atomic number |
| How are elements identified? | their atomic number |
| when does an isotope happen and what happens? | added neutrons- neutron number changed |
| Atoms with changed electrons are called ______ | IONS |
| what is an ion? | an atom with a charge |
| what is it called when an atom looses electrons? | CATION |
| what is it called when an atom gains electrons? | ANION |
| when does a molecule form? | when atoms combine? |
| what's an ionic bond? | exchange of electrons |
| what is a covalent bond? | sharing of electrons |
| what is a hydrogen bond? | weak sharing of electrons involving hydrogen (usually easily broken and reformed) |
| what is it called whenmany things easily dissolved in water? | solvent |
| attraction of light molecules- surface tension | cohesion |
| neuston is ____ | micro organisms |
| pleustron | macro organisms (like a water strider) |
| what happens? density property | as cools becomes more dense |
| why are aquatic systems stable in the winter? | because ice forms on top |
| what happens when there's high specific heat? | the amount of heat to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius |
| list the global water distribution | oceans 98% polar ice caps 2% ground wanter .3% |
| name the largest 1. inland body of water 2. volume of fresh water 3. surface area fresh water | 1. caspian sea 2. lake baikal 3. great lakes- lake superior #1 |
| what is diffusion? | the movement from greater to lesser concentration of water molecules |
| what is the equal distribution of molecules? | equilibrium |
| what is osmosis? | movement of water molecules from a greater to lesser concentration of water across a semi permeable membrane (the diffusion of water) |
| what is an isotonic solution? | equal concentration of solute (salts) on both sides of the membrane |
| what is a hypertonic solution? | greater concentration of solute (greater outside less inside) |
| what is a hypotonic solution? | lesser concentration of solute (greater inside less outside) |
| what is plasmolysis? | loss of water in a plant cell or something that has a cell wall when placed in a HYPERTONIC solution |
| in a hypertonic solution when the cell shrivels what is that called in a(n) 1. animal cell 2. plant cell | 1. crenated 2. plasmolyzed |
| when there is a hypotonic solution and the cell burst or won't burst what is this called and which cell bursts and doesn't? 1. animal cell 2. plant cell | 1. lysed- burst 2. turgid- won't burst |
| what is crenation? | loss of water from an animal cell or cell without a cell wall when placed in a HYPERTONIC solution |
| carbon has ____ bonding sites | 4 |
| carbon chain C-C-C-C | saturated- single bonds only between carbon chain |
| carbon chain C-C=C-C=C | unsaturated- some double or triple bonds |
| what are the two different types of chemical formulas? | molecular- with number ad letters structural- arrangement of atoms |
| list the 4 functional groups | alcohol acid aldehyde ketone |
| what is a functional group? | group of atoms used to identify organics |
| alcohol is in the ____ group | hydroxyl group |
| acid is in the ____ group | carboxyl group |
| aldehyde is in the ____ group | aldehyde group |
| ketone is in the ____ group | carbonyl group |
| an atom is in the amino group if it has an ___ | NH2 |
| what are the four types of organic compounds? | 1. carbohydrates 2. fats 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids |
| what 3 elements do carbohydrates have in them? | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| what is the ration of elements in carbohydrates? | 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen for every carbon |
| what is a monosaccharide and how many carbons does it contain? | simple sugar 3-7 carbons |
| what is a polymer? | large protein molecule |
| how many amino acids are there? | 547 |
| what converts plant starch back into glucose? | amylase |
| if it has an ASE ending what is it most likely? | an enzyme |
| if you ____ the temperature you ____ the rate of the reaction of an enzyme | increase, increase |
| for pH level 7 is ___ | neutral |
| increase the substrate you increase the _____ rate | reaction |
| for pH above 7 means that it's a(n) ___ and below 7 means that it's a(n) ___ | base, acid |
| who is the father of prebiotic chemistry? 1953 | Stanley Miller |
| who stimulated early conditions on earth and what did he "yield" or have a result of? | stanley miller 4 amino acids and some fatty acids |
| who thought meteors brought in organics? | crick |
| who hypothesized about synthesis organics? | oparin/haldane |
| first cells- seashore- intertidal pools when did this happen?? | 3.8 BYBP |
| What is a coacervate and who found them? | membrane bound proteins- FOX |
| what is natural evolution? | stages of feeding in organisms over time |
| list the stages of natural evolution? | 1. anaerobic heterotrophs 2. anaerobic autotrophs 3. Photosynthetic bacteria 4. photosynthesis |
| what are the two different phases of DNA? | chromatin- working chromosomes- cell dividing |
| one chromosome makes __ __ | sister chromatids |
| what are polymers of nucleotides? | nitrogenous base, phosphate, sugar |
| RNA makes ___ | proteins |
| what happens during translation? | protein synthesis |
| what is a peptide linkage accomplished through? | dehydration synthesis |
| what does a phosphate group look like? | PO4 |
| A 3 carbohydrate sugar is called ___ | triose |
| A 4 carbohydrate sugar is called ___ | tetrose |
| A 5 carbohydrate sugar is called ___ | pentose |
| A 6 carbohydrate sugar is called ___ | hexose |
| disaccharides and monosaccharides are ____ | simple sugars |
| what is a dehydration linkage? | dehydration of 2 to make a bigger carbohydrate |
| cell walls are made up of ____ | cellulose |
| what are animal starches called? | glycogen |
| what are plant starches called? | amylose |
| what are the uses of carbohydrates? | energy source, energy usage, structural components |
| what is chitin? | exoskeleton- polysaccharide |
| what joins together through dehydration? | 2 alcohol groups |
| what are the elements in fats/lipids? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen little oxygen long carbon chains |
| what does dehydration between alcohol and acid make? | an ester linkage |
| WHAT DOES DEHYDRATION AMINO GROUP AND ACID MAKE? | peptide linkage |
| how many different amino acids can be used to make peptide linkages? | 21 |
| what is a polymer of amino acids? | proteins |
| what are the functional groups of proteins? | amino and carboxyl/acid |
| what are the elements of proteins? | C,O,H,N (S,P) |
| what is an enzyme? | an organic catalyst |
| what is an organic catalyst? | something that facilitates a reasction and is not used up in the reaction so that it can be used over and over |
| what happens in invertase? | takes 1 disaccharide and turns it into 2 monosaccharides |
| some proteins are ___ | enzymes |
| enzymes can ____ reactions | facilitate |
| proteins are used as? | an energy source and stuctural |
| what is pentose? | sugar |
| basic hydrogen bases? | purine(2), permididine(1) single or double ring |
| what are purines? | adenine and guanine |
| what are permididines? | uracil, thymine, and cytosine |
| what are nucleic acids used for? | DNA & RNA |
| how are nucleotides hooked together? | dehydration synthesis |
| who discovered dna in the late 50's? | watson and crick |
Created by:
bhoag
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