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Cardio- lecture 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the components of the cardiovascular system? | heart (muscular pump), Blood vessels (conduits for blood flow) and blood (fluid that circulates through the body and carries materials between cells, i.e. communication) |
| Organs affiliated with the cardiovascular system? | Extracelluar fluid and lymphatics Kidney (erythroprotein, filtering) Spleen (reservoir for RBC's and some WBC's) Liver (filtering, digestion, glycogen storage) Lungs( oxygenation) Bone marrow (pool of stem cells) |
| What side of the heart does de-oxygenated blood return to? | Right |
| What side of the heart does oxygenated blood leave from? | Left |
| De-oxygenated blood has an oxygen level 0%. T or F. | False |
| In the heart what about the veins and arteries is reversed. | Arteries carry de-oxy blood, veins carry oxy blood. |
| where is the majority of blood in the body? | Systemic veins and venules. |
| Explain the anatomy and physiology of arteries. | Thick, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart Are able to withstand high blood pressure The elasticity of the arteries maintains pressure on the blood between heartbeats to keep it flowing through the vessels |
| Arteriole to capillary flow is... | one way/ controlled by sphincters. |
| Explain the anatomy and physiology of veins. | -Blood is moved against gravity toward the heart (if below heart) by Contracting skeletal muscles -Pressure differences caused by the movement of the thoracic cavity during breathing -Valves-Prevent blood flowing backwards |
| How do veins move blood against gravity? | Muscle contraction. Skeletal muscles relax, and blood fills the valves and closes them. Muscle contraction squeezes the vein, pushing blood through the open valve toward the heart. |
| What is the cause of varicose veins? | One-way valves malfunction Allow backwards flow of blood and pooling Generally occurs in superficial veins in the thigh and calf. |
| Vericose veins generally occur in... | long saphenous vein |
| Differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? | Neural input: involuntary, autonomic Neural conduction: gap junctions … very fast, contract as a unit i.e. no fibre recruitment like skeletal muscle Metabolism: VERY high oxidative capacity (lots of mitochondria) – fatigue resistant |
| Explain the Lub Dub sounds associated with heart beats. | Lub= enters atria Dub= leaves ventricles |
| what is Stenosis? | narrowing of a valve. May be congenital, due to calcification, or scarring from rheumatic fever. |
| Symptoms of Stenosis | can cause fatigue and shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, or in more serious cases heart failure, fluid buildup in lungs (pulmonary edema and hypertension) and death. |
| sites where Stenosis tends to occur | Aortic valve: between left ventricle and aorta Mitral valve: between right atria and ventricle |
| Issues with artificial heart valves. | durability – supposed to last 20+ years clot formation – requires consistent anticoagulant therapy get stuck resistance to flow; vulnerability to backflow and regurgitation |
| What is an alternative to artificial valves? | Biological values are an alternative (usually porcine, or pig) referred to as xenotransplantation (between species) – requires immunosuppression therapy |
| Explain cardiac cycle | Contraction of the atria Followed by contraction of the ventricles Followed by a rest when neither chamber is contracting Contraction is called systole (e.g. 120 / 80) Relaxation is called diastole |
| What is diastole? | rest period between contractions. Sometimes referred to as afterload. This is the pressure the heart has to overcome to beat again. |
| electric signal through heart is propagated by... | nodes (SA node, AV node) nerves (bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinge fibres) intercalated discs (gap junctions) |
| Examples of miscommunication in conduction through the heart. (usually some kind of arrhythmia) | -abnormal SA node firing (tachycardia, bradycardia) - blocks- can slow down or even prevent signal propagation from atria to ventricles. Ventricles now contract independently -most serious are fibrillations, when cells depolarize independently |
Created by:
year1
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