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Ch. 7 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | basic unit of life |
| cell theory | -all living things have cells -cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things -new cells are produced from existing cells |
| nucleus | a large membrane-enclosed structure that controls many the cell's activities and contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| eukaryote | cells that contain nuclei |
| prokaryote | cells that do not contain nuclei |
| organelles | a specialized part of a cell having some specific function |
| cytoplasm | the cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and various particles. |
| nuclear envelopment | double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells |
| chromatin | the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division. |
| chromosome | any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order |
| nucleolus | contains RNA and proteins and is involved in the production of ribosomes |
| ribosome | a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula, and functioning as the site of protein manufacture. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials. |
| Golgi apparatus | an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosome | a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death. |
| vacuole | a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion. |
| mitochondrion | an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production |
| chloroplast | a plastid containing chlorophyll. |
| cytoskeleton | a shifting lattice arrangement of structural and contractile components distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and larger filaments, functioning as a structural support and transport mechanism. |
| centriole | a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis |
| cell membrane | the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell |
| cell wall | the definite boundary or wall that is part of the outer structure of certain cells, as a plant cell. |
| lipid bilayer | a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward. |
| concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move form an are where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| equilibrium | a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces |
| osmosis | the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane. |
| isotonic | noting or pertaining to solutions characterized by equal osmotic pressure. Compare hypertonic |
| hypertonic | noting a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared (opposed to hypotonic) |
| hypotonic | noting a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared (opposed to hypertonic) |
| facilitated diffusion | a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules |
| active transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy |
| endocytosis | the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole or vesicle |
| phagocytosis | the ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment, a microorganism, or foreign particles by means of the local infolding of a cell's membrane and the protrusion of its cytoplasm around the fold until the material has been surrounded and engulfed by closure |
| pinocytosis | the transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the interior of the cytoplasm. |
| exocytosis | the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane |
| cell specialization | an adaptation to do a particular job in a cell |
| tissue | an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism. |
| organ | a grouping of tissues into a distinct structure, as a heart or kidney in animals or a leaf or stamen in plants, that performs a specialized task |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
Created by:
lucyelle
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