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grcc bi 121 Exam 2
GRCC BI 121 exam 2 forbes integumentary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epithelial membranes | part of the integumentary system |
| Serous, mucous, cutaneous | Epithelial membranes |
| Lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside; coverss organs | Serous membranes |
| What type of membrande covers organs and provided examples | Serous membranes line organs |
| exocrine glands | Secretes products into ducts that open onto surfaces |
| Exocrine glands secrete into what type of surfaces? | They secrete onto surfaces such as skin or lining of digestive tract. |
| endocrine glands | Glands that secretes products into tissue fluid or blood. |
| How are exocrine glands classified? | according to how glands secrete their products. |
| Mecrocrine is an endocrine gland. | This releases fluid products by exocytosis (substances exit the cell) |
| Apocrine are another exocrine gland. | This gland loses small portions of their grandular cell bodies during secretion; |
| Piece of cell containing secretions breaks from cell | apocrine |
| Holocrine glands are endocrine glads. | They release the entire cell that contains the product. |
| The whole cell containing a product is released. | Holocrine |
| Function of serous membranes? | Reduces friction via serous fluid production |
| releases serous fluid and lubricates the organs to prevent friction | serous membranes |
| Mucous membranes | Line cavities that DO open to outside |
| Oral and nasal cavities, urinary & digestive (mouth to anus)systems | examples of mucous membranes |
| Digestive system | mouth to anus....because of this it is open to the outside. |
| Mucous membranes function | prevents desiccation, reduces friction, trap debris with mucus via goblet cells |
| Mucous membranes drying factor | Prevents desiccation (anything from drying) |
| mucous membrane friction factor | lubricates and prevents friction |
| mucous membranes debris factor | trap debris with mucous via goblet cells. |
| cutaneous (skin) membrane | interface between body and external environment. |
| Cutaneous function | prevents desiccation, reduces abrasion, resists infection, sense environment, vitamin activation, waste elimination via sweating |
| Prevents dryness - desiccation | cutanous and mucous membranes |
| reduces abrasion | cutaneous function |
| resists infection, senses environment, vitamin activation and eliminates waste via sweating | other cutaneous functions |
| Components of cutaneous membranes | epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous |
| Cutaneous membrane: epidermis | lack of vascularization, increase # of desmosomes, keratinized (cornified) surface |
| desmosomes | protein fibers that bind cells together |
| Keratinze | protein covering of dry,tough protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping underlying tissues and blocks chemicals & toxins from entering into system. |
| Component of melanocytes | Production of melanin to reduce UV damage |
| melanin | lies in the bottom layer of the dermis |
| melanin leaves via | Exocytosis and then enters (endocytosis) into the epidermal cells. |
| Melanoma | a cancer of the melanocytes. Most deadly form of skin cancer. |
| Moles | elevated clusters of melanocytes usually harboring viruses. |
| These have a high probability of turning into melanomas | moles |
| Psoriasis | normally epidermal cell production equals the amount of skin loss; however this condition, stratum basale cells divide 7x faster than normal. |
| Bed/sores, pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers | These form when blood diffusion to integument is prevented or restricted |
| E.g. of bed sores | someone laying on the same spot and not moving....decrease blood flow to that area leads to tissue breakdown. |
| Dermititis | Inflammation of the dermis |
| contact dermitis | exposure to allergen. e.g. poison ivy |
| poison ivy | e.g. of contact dermitis |
| Irritant dermitis | exposure to irritant, e.g. cosmetics, soapy water |
| rashes | dermitis caused by pathogens |
| dermis characteristics | Irregular dense connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers (cells), blood vessels, Glands, hair follicles |
| Dermis: irregular dense connective tissue characteristics | collagen and elastic fibers; ground substance (gel-like) |
| Dermis: smooth muscle fibers (cells) e.g. | hair, follicles, scrotum, and facial expression. |
| Scrotum and temp | must be at constant 95 degrees to keep sperm alive, scrotum is outside of body (body is 98.6) |
| Blood vessels and hair follicles | components of dermis |
| Dermis: glands e.g. | sweat and sebaceous |
| cellulitis | spreading inflammation of the dermis or hypodermis. |
| cellulitis cause | bacteria such as streptococcus or staphlycoccus (MRSA) |
| Ringworm (tinea) | dermal infection caused by a FUNGUS that results in exfoliation. |
| ringworm (tinea) | Not a worm - but a fungus |
| Subcutaneous characteristics | loose connective tissue, adipose, blood vessels, nerves |
| Mainly made up of adipose | subcutaneous characteristics |
| subcutaneous: Loose connective tissue | collagen and elastic fibers |
| accessory organs of the skin | Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebacceous glands |
| Hair follicle function | assessory organ of the skin that produces hair and releases sebum |
| Hair follicles component | Root, papilla, shaft, arrector pilli |
| Haif follicles component: root | portion of the hair embedded in skin |
| hair follicles component: papilla | nutritive bud of connective tissue and vessels |
| hair follicles component: shaft | portion of hair that exits follicle |
| hair follicles component: arrector pilli muscle | smooth muscle that stands hair up |
| Arrector pilli function | used for thermoregulation- stands up hair to prevent air flow. |
| blood vessels dry up and cause | hair loss - no blood - can no longer supply/produce hair. |
| alopecia (hair loss) | occurs as a result of fever, low estrogen levels, genes, meds, and autoimmune disorders. |
| Characteristics of malignant melanomas | asymemetry, uneven borders, two or more shades, larger than 6 mm |
| Sebaceous Gland | Holocrine glands |
| What secretes sebum (fatty oils and whole cells) | Holocrine glands secretes this substance. |
| Sebaceous gland (holocrine gland) is associated with? | follicle |
| Function of sebaceous (holocrine glands) | reduces desiccation (reduces drying), water proofing, preserve hair. |
| largest sebaceous glands found where? | Nipples during 3rd trimester |
| Why are there macrosize sebacous (holocrine glands)around the nipples | There to prevent chapping in breast feeding. |
| Associated with hair follicles and solo on genitalia, mouth corners, nipples, etc | Sebaceous glands (holocrine gland) |
| Excess sebum secretion causes what? | results in acne due to plugged ducts. |
| Sweat glands | Duct with coiled base |
| Function of sweat glands | reduction of toxins, thermoregulations, etc. |
| Types of sweat glands | eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary, salivary glands |
| Sweat gland (eccrine) | Thermoregulation, waste elimination. |
| Sweat gland : Apocrine | Wetting of skin and scent production especially during times of excitement. Open into follicles. |
| Sweat gland: Ceruminous | Produces ear wax |
| Sweat gland: mammary | Produce milke specialized type of apocrine glands (releasing cell fragments) |
| Sweat Gland: Salivary | produces saliva digestion, modified sweat glands. |
| Nails function | Defense, grip |
| As blood cells die- what happens to nail? | fungus takes over. |
| Merocrine glands secrete | secrete cytoplasm secretion only |
| apocrine glands secrete | secretes cytoplasm of mammary cells and fragment cells |
| holocrine glands secrete | secretes living cells that squeeze up cytoplasm and whole cells. |
| Thermoregulation by the skin | Hypothermia and hyperthermia |
| Hypothermia | Below normal body temp |
| Hyperthermia | Above normal body temp |
| Temp reduction via | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, vasodilation. |
| Temp reduction: radiation | infrared radiation reduces core temp |
| Temp reduction: conduction | Skin contact with solide objects. |
| Infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings | radiation |
| Temp reduciton: convection | Skin contact with air mass |
| Temp reduction: evaporation | Evaporating sweat (eccrine glands) |
| temp reduction: vasodilation | Plasma components of blood heats up and moves throughout blood system. |
| Warm blood rises to surface and released thru integumentary | Temp reduction via vasodilation |
| Temp increases via | vasoconstriction, shivering, conduction, convection |
| Temp increase: vasoconstriction | Blood moves to surface leading to redness |
| Temp increases: shivering | Muscular system |
| Temp increases: conduction | Transferred through integument (body to body) |
| Temp increases: convection | arrector pili- hair stands up to stop dead air space on the skin |
| What are factors affecting skin coloration | Genes, Dark and light skin |
| Skin coloration: genes | Number of melanocytes equal between races color funcitoin amount of melanin produced and size of granules. |
| skin coloration: Dark skin | Large granules |
| Skin coloratin: Light skin | Small granules. |
| vilitigo | results in the death of melanocytes cause unknown but amy include autoimmunity or neuro toxins. |
| Albinism | failure of melanocytes to produce melanin (an inborn error of metabolism) |
| Lentigos | Age spots - does not lead to cancer |
| Age spots | aka liver spots; are pigment spots produced by melanocytes with UV- damaged DNA. Melanocytes produce excess melanin and stimulate production of new melanocytes does not lead to cancer |
| freckles | are localized concentration of normal melanocytes |
| factors affecting skin coloration: environmental | UV exposure increase melanin production |
| Caucasions requires stimulus like UV to turn on melanin | factors affecting skin coloration ; environmental |
| factors affecting skin coloration: physiology | Increase oxygen increases redness; decrease oxygen increases blueness; increase billibur increase yellow skin, etc |
| factors affecting skin coloration: diet | Eating plants containing carotene pigment |
| pumpkins, carrots and squash | too much could lead to orange skin. |
| skin repair | Damage occurs > clot forms > fibroblasts > secrete collogen fivers to bind margins > growth factos released to stimulate mitosis > phagocytes remove debris > regenerating cells push off scab. |
| Burns: First degree | Affects epidermis only; reddened (erythema), edema and possible peeeling of epidermis |
| What could lead to basale cell due to mutated cells from what type of burn? | first degree burn |
| Burns: second degree | capillary drainage and blister formation and peeling. affects epidermis and dermis |
| Burns: Third degree | Destruction of epidermis, dermis, and associated organs and hypodermis |
| Third degree caused by flame | may lead to carbonization of skin. |
| Size of wound increases | The chance of scarring increases due to collagen fibers formation. |
| Stretch marks are a result of scarring from? | stretching of the integumentary. |
| Aging of skin: epidermis | Maintains thickness, mitosis decreases, cells are larger and irregular in shape, keratin changes shape resulting in scaly skin "lentigos" appear |
| decreased mitosis = | slower skin repair |
| Aging skin: dermis | decrease fibers (resuling in thinner skin), sebum, hair melanin, follicles, nail blood |
| Sebum drys up | aging skin leads to dry skin/dry hair |
| hair melanin | gray hair is absense of pigment |
| nail blood supply and aging | decreases lead to fungal toe. |
| Decrease number of nerve receptors | can;t feel food on face |
| decrease number of lymphocytes | aging dermis |
| decrease sweat glands and aging | dry skin |
| vasomanipulation ability and aging | decresed abilit to control diameter of blood vessels = inability to dissipate heat. |
| vitamin D and aging | decreased ability to absorb Vit d |
| Subcutaneous and aging | Decreased fat, decreased fibers |
| Decreased fat and fibers | causes sagging skin and wrinkles |
Created by:
Wends1984
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