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George's A&P II
Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atrium | Superior |
| Ventricles | Inferior |
| Chambers | 4 |
| AV valves | One way valves |
| Aortic valve | Left side |
| Pulmonary valve | Right side |
| Right Atrium | Blood returns to heart |
| Abnormality:Synosis | Narrow opening of valve |
| Murmurs | Abnormal Heart Sounds |
| Stroke Volume | Amount of blood per beat - 70mL |
| mediastinum | where heart is located |
| Veins are blue (Superior vena cava) | Carry deoxygenated blood |
| Superior chambers | receive blood |
| left side of heart | whole body except lungs - oxygenated blood |
| Pericardium Serous | - mesothelial cells in visceral layer (epicardium) |
| Fibrous pericardium | loose fitting inextensible sac |
| function of heart covering | protection against friction |
| epicardium | outer layer |
| myocardium | contractile middle layer |
| endocardium | lines chambers of heart - endothelial cells - continuous with inner layer of blood vessels |
| chambers | cavities |
| atria | receiving chambers |
| Auricle | earlike flap protruding from each atrium |
| ventricles | pumping chambers |
| one cycle of heart beat | complete contraction and relaxation of atrium and ventricles |
| Papillary muscle | one for each cusp - bicuspid -2 muscles; tricuspid 3 muscles |
| bicuspid | left side AV valve |
| tricuspid | right side AV valve |
| left atrium | receives 4 pulmonary veins - 2 from each lung -mitral valve (bicuspid valve) is between left atrium and left ventricle |
| superior vena cava and inferior vena cava | bring deoxygenated blood to right side of heart |
| pulmonary valve | from right ventricle to pulmonary artery - lungs - becomes oxygenated and returns back to left atrium |
| tricuspid valve | between RA and RV |
| left ventricle | through aortic valve into aorta to entire body |
| semilunar valves | one way - all heart valves are one way |
| Atrioventricular valves AV right | tricuspid - 3 flaps are attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae |
| AV Left | bicuspid or mitral valve |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | entrance of pulmonary artery |
| aortic semilunar valve | entrance to aorta |
| coronary arteries | right and left - supply blood to heart |
| anastomoses | 2 blood vessels attached bipassing capillaries |
| cardiac veins | blood enters into coronary sinus to drain into right atrium |
| sinoatrial node (sa node or pacemaker) | near opening of superior vena cava |
| conduction system of heart | comprising the SA node, AV node, AV bundle (bundle of HIS), and Purkinje fibers (in subendocardium), made of modified cardiac muscle |
| AV bundle or bundle of HIS | extend to Purkinje fibers |
| SA node to AV node to Bundle of HIS to Purkunje fibers | correct pathway |
| sympathetic nerves | accelerator nerves |
| sympathetic stimulation to the heart | increase stroke volume, heart rate, contractility, cardiac output |
| sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels | vasoconstriction |
| parasympathetic nerve (vagus fibers) | inhibitory, depressor nerves |
| parasympathetic supply to the heart | decrease stroke volume, etc |
| parasympathetic supply to the blood vessels | inhibits sympathetic vasoconstrictor is considered a major mechanism of vasodilation |
| elastic arteries | largest arteries in body - includes aorta - accommodate serge of blood when heart contracts |
| muscular | thick - brachial, gastric, |
| arterioles | control blood pressure - there are many - |
| metarterioles | passage between arteriole and capillary |
| Capillaries | microscopic - primary gas exchange vessels - carry blood from arterioles to venules - part of microcirculation - simple squamous epithelia |
| true capillaries | precapillary sphincters |
| continuous capillaries | continuous lining of endothelial cells |
| fenestrated capillaries | located in endocrine glands |
| sinusoids | very porous - find in liver - know types of capillaries for test |
| veins | reservoir of blood |
| volume of blood depends on | body build, age, etc |
| Tunica adventitia | outermost layer - found in arteries and veins |
| tunica media | smooth muscle layer - found in arteries and veins |
| tunica intima | innermost layer - one single layer of endothelial cells - in all blood vessels |
| endothelial cells | only lining found in capillary |
| Collagen fibers | located in blood vessel walls |
| Elastin | insoluble proteins comprise elastic fibers |
| systemic circulation | blood to entire body except lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | lungs |
| arterial anastomosis | important question on slide beneath this description |
| systemic veins | drain into superior vena cava |
| hepatic portal circulation | all venous blood from GI system will stop at liver thru portal vein |
| inferior vena cava | venous blood from lower extremities and abdomen |
| foramen ovale | opening in septum between right and left atria in fetus - becomes fossa ovalus |
| ductus arteriosus | small vessel connecting pulmonary artery with descending thoracic aorta - becomes ligamentum arteriosum |
| EKG/ECG | electrical activity of heart |
| p wave | atrial depolarization |
| QRS | ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
| T waves | ventricular repolarization |
| atrial systole | contraction of atria - begins p wave of ecg - av valve open - sl valve closed |
| isovolumetric ventricular contraction - | R wave of ecg and first heart sound - occurs between start of ventricular systole and the opening of the sl valves - volume of blood remains the same - increases pressure and then ejection out of ventricle |
| sounds | systolic (first, closure of av valve) and diastolic (second, closure of sl valve) |
| perfusion pressure | pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow at tissue level |
| cardiac output | stroke volume (per beat) and heart rate (per minute) 5 liters/minute |
| starling's law of the heart | the more stretch of the heart fibers the stronger the contraction |
| contractility | strength of contraction |
| peripheral resistance | arterioles control blood pressure |
| TPR | all peripheral resistance in every arteriole in the body - cannot measure but can measure blood pressure |
| diameter of arterioles | controlled by smooth muscle layer |
| vasomotor chemoreflexes | respond to hypercapnia, hypoxia, and decreased arterial blood pH |
| venous return | respirations, skeletal muscle contractions, semilunar valves (all valves below the level of the heart) |
| capillary pressure | constant 35 |
| anti diuretic hormone | reabsorb more fluid - triggered by baroreseptors and osmoreceptors to increase blood pressure |
| renin-angiotensin mechanism | renin - when blood pressure in kidney is low - leads to increased secretion of aldosterone. angiotensin II - causes vasoconstriction promotes increase in overall blood flow |
| ANH - atrial natriuretic hormone | adjusts venous return when its too high - increased urine output to decrease blood volume. |
Created by:
gguariglio
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