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CH 28 -
EXAM 3 Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kingdoms | Monera, Protista, Fungi |
| [Kingdom Monera] Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes | Bacteria (Prokaryotes) |
| [Kingdom Monera] (Structure) Do not have: | True nucleus (no membrane); True organelles (they have ribosomes, but these are really just huge enzymes) |
| [Kingdom Monera] (Structure) Do have: | Do have: A chromosome and plasmids |
| [Kingdom Monera] (Structure) May have: | Cell wall with unusual chemical properties; capsule; flagella; fimbriae |
| capsule | slimy coating |
| flagella | "tail" |
| Fimbriae | hair-like appendages |
| Metabolism – may be: | aerobic or anaerobic |
| aerobic | uses oxygen |
| anaerobic | uses something other than oxygen |
| Obligate – anaerobes – | can’t survive in oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobes – | can chose whether or not to survive in oxygen |
| saprotrophes | external digestion |
| Decomposers | break down macromolecules |
| symbiotic | cooperate with other organisms |
| Reproduction of bacteria | Binary fission, conjucation, endospore formation |
| Binary fission | split in half |
| conjucation | exchange of DNA |
| endospore formation | form a tough outer coating |
| Morphology | shape |
| Pairs | diplo |
| Clusters | staphylo |
| Chains | strepto |
| Coccus | round |
| Bacillus | rod-shaped |
| Spirillus | spiral |
| Morphology is usually combined with other... | biochemical characteristics, i.e. Gram positive (stains with Gram’s stain) mobile anaerobic coccus, etc. |
| Cyanobacteria | Can photosynthesis; Responsible for much of the earth’s oxygen |
| Archea | Similar to bacteria, but have different ribosomal RNA; May represent a 6th Kingdom or 3rd Domain; Often live in hostile environments |
| [Kingdom Protista] Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes | Eukaryotes |
| [Kingdom Protista] cells... | Mostly single celled, some multicellular |
| [Kingdom Protista] reproduction | May reproduce sexually with some form of alternation of generations |
| 3 main types under Kingdom Protista | Algae, Protozoans, Slime molds |
| Characteristics of algae | Photosynthesize; Aquatic; Classified by color, biochemistry and life-style |
| Green algae: similar to... | Similar in many ways to plants: Same chlorophyll; same cell wall; same starch |
| Green algae: reproduction | Good conditions – asexual Bad conditions - sexual |
| Unicellular example | Chlamydomonas |
| Colonial example | Volvox; Flagella beat cooperatively |
| Filamentous example | Spirogyra; Grow end to end |
| Multicellular example | Ulva (sea lettuce); Sporophyte and gametophyte appear leafy |
| Brown algae | Kelps; Grow in cold ocean waters; Contain algin in their cell walls (algin is commonly used ice cream, salad dressing, jelly beans, toothpaste, etc.) |
| Diatoms | Microscopic; Cell walls are made of silica which can be used to make glass; Diatomaceous earth |
| Dinoflagellates | Produce small amounts of toxins; When they’re numerous, cause “red tide”; Shellfish eat them and concentrate the poison |
| Euglenoids | motile; Can lose their chloroplasts and become predators; Have a rudimentary eyespot |
| Red algae | Found in warmer ocean water than kelp; Used to make agar |
| Protozoans characteristics: | Unicellular; No photosynthesis; Most are motile |
| Amoeboids | Move by pseudopods (“false feet”); Phagocytes – engulf their prey |
| Ciliates – Paramecium | Hundreds of Cilia; Oral groove; Anal pore |
| Zooflagellates | Move by means of a flagella; Many are associated with diseases; Example: African sleeping sickness |
| Sporozoans | Non-motile; Many are associated with diseases; Example: Malaria is caused by the sporozoan, Plasmodium |
| Slime molds | look like molds but can live as unicellular organisms |
| [Kingdom Fungi] Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes | Multicellular eukaryotes; YEAST, an exception, unicellular |
| [Kingdom Fungi] What kind of decomposers? | saprotrophes |
| [Kingdom Fungi] cell walls made of _____ | chitin, not cellulose |
| [Kingdom Fungi] form mycelia - | furry structures |
| [Kingdom Fungi] "hair" - | hypha |
| [Kingdom Fungi] Zygospore fungi - | Rizopus (bread mold) |
| [Kingdom Fungi] Sac fungi - | Neurospora |
| [Kingdom Fungi] Club fungi – | mushrooms |
| Lichens | algae living with fungi |
Created by:
chelsea_2010
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