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CH 13 Part 2
EXAM 3 The Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The immune system includes the _____ and _____ that are responsible for immunity | cells; tissues |
| the body’s ability to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells and cancer cells | immunity |
| 2 types of defense: | nonspecific and specific defenses |
| 4 types of nonspecific defenses: | Barriers to entry, The inflammatory reaction, Natural killer cells, Protective proteins |
| 4 Barriers to entry (Nonspecific) | Physical barriers; Various types of “good” bacteria that normally inhabit your intestines; Chemical - pH; Enzymatic |
| Physical barriers | skin, mucous, clotting, cilia |
| Various types of “good” bacteria that normally inhabit your intestines prevent... | “bad” bacteria from getting a foothold in your system |
| Chemical - pH | stomach and vagina |
| Enzymatic | nucleases and proteases |
| nucleases break down... | DNA and RNA |
| proteases break down... | proteins |
| Whenever tissue is damaged, a series of reactions takes place | Inflammatory reaction |
| The _____ becomes red, hot, swells and becomes painful | inflamed area |
| When an injury occurs damaged tissue cells release _____ | histamines |
| histamines causes capillaries to... | dilate and leak |
| White blood cells (leukocytes) such as _____, _____, and _____ leak out of the capillaries | neutrophils, mast cells, and macrophages |
| _____ - recognize foreign cells and eat them | Neutrophils |
| (_______ - cells eating other cells) | phagocytosis |
| (Mast cells) Look for broken bits of _____ | “self” cells |
| (Mast cells) Releases more ______ which causes more swelling | histamines |
| ______- become macrophages (they are like neutrophils but are big and hungry) | Monocytes |
| white blood cells that kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells | Natural killer cells (Nonspecific) |
| After ______ contact they release toxins that kill everything in the area | cell-to-cell |
| Protective proteins (Nonspecific) | The complement system; Interferon |
| Activates when pathogens enter the body | The complement system |
| “Complements” the other defenses because the complement proteins bind to the surfaces of pathogens and attract phagocytes to attack the _____ | pathogens |
| Some complement proteins bind to the membranes of bacteria and... | poke holes in the bacteria |
| Interferon: A protein produced by _____ | virus-infected cells |
| Interferon: It binds to the receptors on... | membranes of noninfected cells |
| Interferon: The ______ cells then produce substances that interfere with viral replication | noninfected |
| _____ is attached to the cell membrane and label the cell as part of the body (“self”) | Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
| Non-specific defenses can only: | decide “self” or “not-self”; have no future memory of the invader |
| When nonspecific defenses fail to prevent an infection, _____ come into play | Specific defenses |
| any foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to react to it | Antigen |
| Pathogens have antigens, but antigens can also be part of... | a foreign cell or a cancer cell |
| Specific defenses react to the specific antigens of an invader and afterward... | retain a memory for that invader if it were to come again |
| White blood cells called ______ are specific to the antigens | lymphocytes |
| 2 types of lymphocytes: | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) |
| (B lymphocytes) Mature in _____ | bone marrow |
| (B lymphocytes) When the receptors of a B cell match up with a specific antigen it... | divides many times |
| (B lymphocytes) These new B cells produce large amounts of ______ | antibodies |
| antibodies can cover the target and “______” it’s attachment sites. (viruses thus can’t _____ other cells) | smother; infect |
| antibodies can use their Y shape to _____ targets together so that they clump up | cross-link |
| antibodies label the target for _____ and _____. This makes it easy for the _____ cells to find them. | neutrophils and macrophages; non-specific |
| antibodies force soluble antigens to become _____ | insoluble |
| A bonded antibody activates the _____ system | compliment |
| (B lymphocytes) – B cells will not divide rapidly and produce antibodies unless _____ are nearby and producing | helper T cells |
| (B lymphocytes) A few B cells become _____ B cells which will remain in the system for a long time and quickly divide if the same antigen enters the system again | memory |
| (T lymphocytes) Mature in the _____ | thymus |
| (T lymphocytes) T cells are unable to recognize _____ without help | antigens |
| (T lymphocytes) They need an antigen-presenting cell like a macrophage cell to present the antigen to them which causes them to be _____ | activated |
| (T lymphocytes) An activated T cell then produces _____ and begins dividing rapidly | cytokinins |
| 2 types of T cells are produced | Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells find the antigens on... | infected cells and kill the cells by passing them a highly toxic vesicle (kiss of death); can make multiple kills |
| Helper T cells secrete... | cytokinins that activate cytotoxic T-cells and show them what antigen to look for |
| (Helper T cells) – Cytokinins also activate the _____ defenses like _____ and ______ | non-specific; neutrophils and macrophages |
| A few T cells live a long time and are called _____ and can jump start the immune reaction if the same invader returns | memory T cells |
| (HIV) Recognizes the surface of ______, invades and _______ | Helper T cells; destroys them |
| The standard measure of how far HIV has progressed is _____ | T-cell count |
| T-cell count | 200 to 1000 is normal; <50 in last stages |
| Blood typing | Red blood cells can have antigens |
| Type A: | cells have A antigen; body doesn’t have antibodies against A - called anti-A antibodies (or you’d self-destruct) but does have anti-B |
| Type B: | cells have the B antigen; body doesn’t have anti-B antibodies but does have anti-A |
| Type O: | cells have no antigens; body makes both anti-A and anti-B antibodies |
| Rh factor: + cells ____ the factor; - cells ____ the factor | have (+); lack (-) |
| Normally the body... against the Rh factor | does not have antibodies |
| If a mother (Rh-) is carrying an Rh + baby, the baby’s cells can... | leak into the mother’s body, causing an immune response |
| Treatment is to ______ the mother with anti-Rh antibodies. This covers the baby's cells before they can raise a reaction | inject |
Created by:
chelsea_2010
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