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mader ch 29
vertebrate evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Notochord | A Dorsal supporting rod that is located just below the nerve cord |
| Define what a nerve cord is. (dorsal tubular nerve cord) | It is the anterior portion becomes the brain. In vertebrates it is often called the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebrae |
| Define what a Pharyngeal Pouch is. | Become gills in nonvertebrate chordates but only appear in embryos of vertebrates and often they modify to serve a different purpose. |
| Define what a Postanal Tail is. | It is a tail that extends beyond the organism's anus. |
| agnathan | fishes that lack jaws; namely, the lampreys and hagfishes |
| amniote | vertebrate that produces an egg surrounded by 4 membranes, 1 of which is the amnion; amniote groups are the reptiles and mammals (including birds) |
| amniotic egg | egg that has an amnion, as seen during the development of reptiles, (including birds), and mammals |
| amphibian | includes frogs, toads,and salamanders; they are still tied to a watery envt for reproduction |
| bird | endothermic reptile that has wings and feathers, is often adapted for flight, and lays hard-shelled eggs |
| bony fish (Osteichthyes) | a fish that has a bony rather than cartilaginous skeleton |
| cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) | has a cartilaginous skeleton; includes: sharks, rays, and skates |
| cephalochordate | small fish-like invertebrate that is a member of the phylum Chordata. Probably the closest living relative to the vertebrates |
| chorate | animals that have a nerve cord, a notocord, pharyngeal gill pouches, and a post anal tail (at some point); includes a few types of vertebrates and invertebrates |
| cloaca | common chamber and opening to the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts in certain vertebrates |
| ectotherm | organism having a body temperature that varies according to the environmental temperature |
| endotherm | organism in which maintence of a constant body temperature is independent of the environmental temperature |
| fin | in fish and other aquatic animals, membranous, winglike, or paddlelike process used to propel, balance, or guide the body |
| fishes | aquatic, gill breathing vertebrate that usually has fins and skin covered w/ scales; fishes were amongst the earliest vertebrates that evolved |
| gills | respiratory organ in most aquatic animals; in fish, an outward extension of the pharynx |
| gnathostome | vertebrates w/ jaws |
| jawless fishes | type of fish that has no jaw; includes today's hagfishes and lampreys |
| lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) | type of fishes w/ limblike fins |
| lungfishes | type of lobe-finned fish that utilizes lungs in addition to gills for gas exchange |
| mammal | endothermic vertebrate characterized especially by the presence of hair and mammary glands |
| marsupial | member of a group of mammals bearing immature young nursed in a pouch (i.e. kangaroo or possum) |
| metamorphosis | change in shape and form that some animals, such as insects, undergoes during development |
| monotreme | egg laying mammal |
| notochord | cartilaginous-like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates sometime in their life cycle; replaced by vertebrae in all vertebrates |
| ostracoderm | earliest vertebrate fossils of the Cambrian and Devonian periods; these fishes were small, jawless, and finless |
| placenta | allows the embryo/fetus to acquire nutrients and rid itsself of wastes; also produces hormones that regulate pregnancy |
| placental mammal | group of mammals that rely on internal development |
| placoderm | 1st jawed vertebrates;heavily armored fishes of the Devonian period |
| ray-finned bony fishes | group of bony fishes w/ fins supported by parallel bony rays connected by webs of thin tissue |
| reptile | terrestrial vertebrate w/ internal fertilization, scaly skin, and an egg w/ a leathery shell; includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and birds |
| sarcopterygii | Mesozoic marine reptiles |
| swim bladder | in fishes, a gas filled sac whose pressure can be altered to change buoyancy |
| tetrapod | 4-footed vertebrate; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
| characteristics of phylum chordata | Notochord Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Pouches Tail |
| Vertebrate Features | Living endoskeleton with vertebral column Closed circulatory system Paired appendages Efficient respiration and excretion High degree of cephalization Adapted to active lifestyles |
| Placoderms | Extinct jawed fishes of Devonian Thought to be ancestral to sharks and bony fish |
| Cartilaginous Fishes | Sharks, rays, skates Lack gill cover of bony fish Utilize lateral line system Filter feeders and predators Pectoral fins can be enlarged into large, wing-like fins |
| Amphibians today occur in three groups: | Salamanders and newts Salamanders practice internal fertilization Frogs and toads Tailless Caecilians Legless, sightless, worm-shaped |
| Reptiles | Thought to have evolved from amphibian ancestors by the Permian period Practice internal fertilization Lay eggs protected by a leathery shell (amniotic egg) |
| Characteristics of Class Aves (birds) | Feathers Hard-shelled amniotic egg Four-chambered heart Often winged Air sacs Endothermic |
| Mammals (Class Mammalia) | Thought to have evolved during the Mesozoic Era,Mammalian skull accommodates a larger brain relative to body size Chief characteristics and hair and milk-producing mammary glands Infant dependency Internal development Differentiated teeth |
| mammals | Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs Marsupials - Females contain pouch Placentals - Females have organ for exchange of maternal and placental blood |
| Major Orders of Mammals | Perissodactyla--horses Artiodactyla--deer Carnivora--Cats Primates--Monkeys Cetacea--Whales Chiroptera--Bats Rodentia--Mice Proboscidea--Elephants Lagomorpha--Rabbits |
Created by:
kelkins
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