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chp10 A&P
UMHB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contractions produce movement of entire body and its parts | locomotion |
| muscle cell | muscle fiber |
| muscle fiber covered by | edomysium |
| groups of skeletal muscle fibers | fascicles |
| fascicles bound together by | perimysium |
| muscle as a whole is covered by the | epimysium |
| strong tough fibrous cord that is continous with the periosteum | tendon |
| fibrous connective tissue surrounding the muscle, outside the epimysium and tendon | facia |
| tube-shaped; fibrous connective tissue that enclose certain tendons, ankle and wrist tendons, have synovial membrane lining, allow tendon to move easily within the sheath | tendon sheaths |
| plasma membrane of muscle fiber | sarcolemma |
| cytoplasm of muscle fiber | sarcoplasm |
| electric signals | impulses |
| tubular sacs of SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) butt up against each side of T tubule | triad |
| thick filaments (myosin) held together by protein molecules that form a middle line | m line |
| segment of sarcomere that runs the entire length of the thick filament, anisotropic band, relatively wide, dark stripes (cross striae) alternating with I bands | a band |
| segment that includes Z disk and ends of thin filaments where they don't overlap the thick filaments, isotropic band, light colored stripes in sarcomere | i band |
| middle region of think filaments where they do not overlap the thin filaments, H is for Heller or bright | h zone |
| 4 proteins make up myofilaments | myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin |
| filaments contain actin, tropomyosin, troponin | thin |
| filaments are made of myosin | thick |
| when they connect to actin, they bridge the gap between the filaments | cross bridges |
| powerful shortening of a muscle | contract |
| muscle fiber is "at rest" until stimulated by a motor neuron | excitation of the sarcolemma |
| a signal from a special type pf nerve cell | motor neuron |
| motor neurons connect to sarcolemma at a folded | motor endplate |
| forms a junction called | neuromuscular junction (nmj) |
| narrow gap, or synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters cross to transmit signals | synapse |
| the impulse (temporary electrical voltage imbalance) is conducted over the sarcolemma and inward along the t tubules | contraction |
| Ca2+ ions starts to be pumped back into the SR directly after the SR releases them to begin contraction | relaxation |
| muscle graphing | myography |
| electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity, applied to the muscle to make it contract | threshold stimulus |
| single, bried threshold stimulus produces quick jerk of muscle called | twitch contraction |
| 3 phases of twitch contraction | latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase |
| principle use by athletes when they warm up | treppe |
| an abnormal state of prolonged contraction | contracture |
| multiple twitch waves have been added together to sustain tension for a longer timr | multiple wave summation |
| type of tetanus where very short periods of relaxation occur between peaks of tension, it is incomplete because tension is not sustained at a completely constant level | incomplete tetanus |
| increasing frequently of stimuly, distance between peaks of tension decrease until they look like a single, sustained peak. Produces very smooth type of tetanic contraction | complete tetanus |
| 1 motor nerver+muscle fibers it attaches to= | motor unit |
| each motor unit includes only a few muscle fibers | finger muscles |
| motor units include thousands os muscle fibers | abdominal muscles |
| continual, partial contraction in a muscle organ | tonic contraction |
| muscles with less tone than normal | flaccid |
| muscle with more tone than normal | spastic |
| two types of muscle tone | flaccid and spastic |
| when stretch is outside normal range, signals sent through somatic motor neurons adjust the strenght of tonic contraction | spinal reflex |
| same tension | isotonic contractions |
| muscle is moving | dynamic tension |
| 2 variations of isotonic contractions | concentric contractions, eccentric contractions |
| movement results in shortening of muscle, picking up a heavy object | isotonic contractions |
| movement results in lenghtening of muscle being contracted, lowering a heavy onject, muscle becomes longer but it is still contracted | eccentric contactions |
| smae length | isometric contractios |
| muscle remains stable | static tension |
| 2 of 3 phosphate groups attached by | high energy bonds |
| energy for resynthesis of ATP is quickly upplied by breakdown of | creatine phosphate (CP) |
| this happens after death | rigor mortis |
| nutrient molecule with many chemical bonds | glucose |
| polysaccharide made up of thousands of glucose subunits | glycogen |
| during rest, oxygen in sarcoplasm attracted to | myoglobin |
| catabolic process that requires oxygen, produces maximum amount of energy from each glucose molecule | aerobic respiration |
| when oxygen supply is low, musvle fibers shift toward another catabolic process called | anaerobic respiration |
| oxygen debt is called | excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) |
| 3 major type of muscles | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| striated involutary muscle | cardiac muscle |
| junctions and the branching of these cells, allow cardiac fibers to form a continous, electrically coupled mass | syncytium |
| composed of small tapered cells with single nuclei | smooth muscle |
| 2 types of smooth muscle tissue | single-unit muscle (visceral), multi-unit smooth muscle |
| exhibits rhythmic self-excitation | autorhythmicity |
Created by:
coffeecake49
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