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Test 3 k bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | occurs in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and protists In the chloroplasts Water+CO2+light energy yields sugar+oxygen Purpose is to produce sugars for the plants nutrition and energy |
| Protists | uni or multicellular eukaryotes that are not animal, plant or fungus Light Dependant(light reactions) |
| Light reactions | occur in the thylakoid, where water is consumed, light energy is consumed, and oxygen is produced and diffuses out of the leaves |
| Light independent (dark reactions) or Calvin cycle | doesn’t need light |
| Chloroplasts | have a double membrane |
| Thylakoids | are granum they go into light reactions |
| Stroma | opening of the underside of a leaf |
| Photolysis | process where water is lysed by a photon of light to extract electrons and protons for the light reaction |
| Chemiomosis | movement of protons through Electron Transport Chain contributing to ATP synthesis |
| Photosystem II | contains the pigments of Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids (all absorb light at different wavelengths); it contains P680 |
| P680 | synthesised chlorophyll |
| Electron Transport Chain | moves electrons from protein to protein |
| NADP+Reductase | converts NADP+ to NADPH NADPH |
| Products of light Reactions | Oxygen, NADPH, ATP |
| Calvin Cycle | carbon dioxide is fixed into organic material (sugars); occurs in stroma of chloroplasts; enters leaves through stroma |
| Calvin Cycle Products | ADP,NADP+,Glyceraldehyde phosphate |
| C3 plants | most plants; Ex: rice wheat soybeans;all steps occur in mesophyll |
| C4 plants | water conservation prblems;Ex: sugarcane corn; light reactions in mesophyll, dark reactions in bundle shealth cells |
| CAM plants | severe water conservation problems; Ex, Pineapple and cacti; in mesophyll and bundle shealth; driven by night and day;at night stoma open carbon dioxide is converted to malate and stored; in day malate supplies carbon dioxide for calvin cycle |
| Carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants | Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) +carbon dioxide; driven by PEP Carboxylase; product is malate |
| Malate | the storage form of carbon dioxide when the stoma is closed; stored in the large central vacuole |
| Metabolism | cell used glucose and oxygen producing carbon dioxide and ATP;multiple steps required or too much energy released; without steps no ATP generated |
| Steps of metabolism | glycolysis,oxidation of pyruvate, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain, ATP synthesis |
| Glycolysis | in cytoplasm |
| Oxidation of pyruvate | mitochondrial matrix |
| Krebs cycle | mitochondrial matrix |
| Electron transport chain | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| ATP synthesis | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Glycolysis | 1 glucose diffuses blood into cells cytoplasm; 10 enzyme steps use 1 glucose molecule to produce 2 molecules of Pyruvate; products are Pyruvate ATP and NADH |
| Substrate level | enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP to make ATP |
| Oxidative | addition of inorganic phosphate to ADP powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain |
| Pyruvate | transported to the mitochondria matrix; converted to AcetylCoA; in this CoEnzymeA is added an electron pair is reeased to NAD+ to make NADH+ H+ and carbon dioxide is released |
| Products of oxidation pyruvate | NADH goes to ETC;H+ involved in ATP synthesis;carbon dioxide;AcetylCoA enters the Krebs Cycle |
| Kreb Cycle(citric acid cycle) | another series of enzamatic steps;called citric bc of weak organic acid; used as flavor additive and preservative |
| Products of Krebs | carbon dioxide;NADH;FADH2;ATP |
| ETC of metabolism | series of multiprotein complexes that moves electrons; has one nonprotein called Ubiquinone; electrons source is NADH and FADH2;chemiosmosis occurs to create gradient for ATP synthesis; Oxygen is the last electron acceptor in ETC |
| Products of ETC | NAD+, FAD+, H+, Water |
| 1 molecule of glucose | 30/32 ATP |
| 1 NADH | 2:5 ATP |
| 1 FADH2 | 1:5 ATP |
| Aerobic Resperation | in the presence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic resperation | doesn’t use oxygen; have an ETC but use other final electron acceptors |
| Fermenters –do not use oxygen; have no ETC | |
| Lactic Acid fermentation | used by fungi and bacteria in dariy to produce cheese yogurt and baking; early stages of exercise human muscle makes lactic acid; first to cause pain some say caused by increase of potassium |
| Alcohol fermentation | used in winemaking and brewing beer |
| Alternative Metabolic pathways | glucose is not only energy source;sugars more complex;proteins and fats can also be used and broken down during digestion into amino acids;fats to glycerol and fatty acids;enter at different sites |
| Control mechanisms of metabolism | ATP negative ;ADP/AMP positive |
| ATP negative feedback | on the system when ATP accumulates it inhibits system |
| ADP/AMP positive | feedback on system increases molecules turns on metabolism |
| Inhibition | on the third enzyme in glycolysis |
| Citrate buildup | in kerbs cycle inhibits glycolysis |
| DNA replication | enzymes copy DNA; its important in mitosis and meiosis;occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle; is semiconservative |
| Semiconservative | each new DNA molecule has one new and one old strand of DNA |
| Origins of Replicaiton | openings at intervals along DNA molecule; makes process more efficient than going from one end to the other |
| Replication | Biodirectional from the Ori; occurs on both DNA strands;Replications |
| Helicase | “walks” down DNA and breaks the H bonds; uses ATP as energy source |
| Single strand binding Protein | binds DNA after the H bond are broken; keeps strand open for replication |
| Topoisomerase | relieves winding strain at two replication forks of each bubble |
| RNA Primase | makes small RNA Primer (5 |
| DNA Polymerase | adds nucleotides to make the new DNA strand (50 nucleotides per second) |
| Leading strand | where replication proceeds in the 5 |
| Lagging Strand | where replication indirectly proceeds in the 5 |
| Okasaki Fragments | fragments of replicated DNA on the lagging strand (100 |
| DNA ligase | ligates Okasaki fragments into one strand of DNA by binding the sugar phosphate backbones of all fragments |
| DNA repair | 1 mistake in every 100,000 nucleotides |
| DNA polymerase | can remove incorrectly paired nucleotides; some evade removal and are subject to mismatch repair |
| Mismatch repair | 130 enzymes in humans preform mismatch repair; defects in this can cause cancer; Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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