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Chapter 52 Test
Population Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of populations in relation to the environment | Population ecology |
| A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area | Population |
| Example of natural boundaries | Terns nesting on an island in Lake Superior |
| The number of individuals per unit area | Density |
| Example of arbitrarily defined boundaries | Oak trees in Minnesota |
| The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population | Dispersion |
| Researchers place traps, mark organisms, and release them | Mark-recapture method |
| The influx of new individuals from other areas | Immigration |
| The movement of individuals out of a population | Emigration |
| Example of immigration | Belding's ground squirrels in the Tioga Pass (California) |
| The most common pattern of dispersion, with individuals aggregated in patches | Clumped |
| Evenly spaced dispersion | Uniform |
| The defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals | Territoriality |
| Unpredictable spacing | Random dispersion |
| Factors that influence population density and dispersion | Ecological needs of a species, structure of the environment, and interactions between individuals within the population |
| The study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time | Demography |
| Age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population | Life tables |
| Example of clumping | Wolves |
| Example of uniform dispersion | Penguins |
| Example of random dispersion | Dandelions |
| A group of individuals of the same age | Cohort |
| A plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age | Survivorship curve |
| Example of a Type 1 Curve | Humans, many other large animals |
| Example of a Type 3 Curve | Long-lived plants, fish, oysters |
| Example of a Type 2 Curve | Belding's ground squirrels |
| Example of "stair-stepped" mortality rates | Crabs |
| An age-specific summary of the reproductive rates of a population | Reproductive table/fertility schedule |
| The traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival (from birth through reproduction to death) | Life history |
| Example of big-bang reproduction/semelparity | Pacific salmon, agave |
| Example of iteroparity/repeated reproduction | Lizards |
| Where semelparity is favored | Survival rate of offspring is low, unpredictable environments |
| Where iteroparity is favored | Dependable environments where competition for resources may be intense |
| Example of trade-offs | Red deer in Scotland, European kestrels |
| N represents | population size |
| t represents | time |
| B represents | the number of births in a population during the time interval |
| D represents | number of deaths |
| Number of offspring produced per unit time by an average an average member of the population | Per capita birth rate |
| b represents | Per capita birth rate |
| m represents | Per capita death rate |
| r represents | Per capita rate of increase (r=b-m) |
| Occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0) | Zero population growth (ZPG) |
| dt represents | time intervals in a short period of time |
| Population increase under idea conditions | Exponential population growth/geometric population growth |
| rmax | Intrinsic rate of increase, maximum rate for the species |
| Example of a J-shaped growth curve | Elephants in Kruger National Park |
| K represents | Carrying capacity |
| The maximum population size that a particular environment can support | Carrying capacity |
| The per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached | Logistic population growth |
| The population stops growing | N=K |
| J-shaped curve | Exponential growth |
| S-shaped curve | Logistic growth |
| Individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small | Allee effect |
| Closely approximates logistic growth | Paramecium in the lab |
| Does not correspond well to the logistic growth model | Daphnia in the lab, song sparrow in natural habitat |
| Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density | K-selection/density dependent selection |
| Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments | r-selection/density independent selection |
| A birth or death rate that does NOT change with population density | Density independent |
| Density independent example | Mortality of dune fescue grass due to physical factors |
| A death rate that rises as population density rises | Density dependent |
| Focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size | Population dynamics |
| Example of an erratically fluctuating population | Dungeness crab |
| When a group of populations is linked | Metapopulation |
| Example of metapopulation | Belding's ground squirrels |
| The relative number of individuals of each age | Age structure |
| The number of infant deaths per 1000 live births | Infant mortality |
| The predicted average length of life at birth | Life expectancy at birth |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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